问题 单项选择题

预制外挂墙板安装施工前应编制专项施工方案,并经()批准。

A.施工总承包企业技术负责人及总监理工程师

B.项目技术负责人及总监理工程师

C.施工总承包企业技术负责人及项目技术负责人

D.项目安全负责人及总监理工程师

答案

参考答案:A

单项选择题

阅读短文,完成86—90题。


现代西方美学,一反过去传统的哲学方法,而走向心理学美学与科学美学。心理学美学用科学方法研究人的审美心理,偏重于主体;科学美学则用科学方法分析审美对象的结构与功能,偏重于客体。但不管哪种方法,他们都认为对美的本质(美的定义)问题作无穷无尽的哲学上的思辨性探讨,没有什么意义。瑞恰兹在《意义的意义》一书中,考察了十六种传统美学对于美所作的哲学思考,他认为除了证明美的多义性和歧义性之外,再没有什么了,因而认为传统美学的方法是不科学的,应当抛弃。他采取了语言分析的方法,从美这个词的具体运用中,来探讨美的意义。这样,美就不再是一个玄学的幻影,而是一个约定俗成的词。
现代西方美学这一股否定美的浪潮,无疑有其时代的背景和世界性的影响。它使本来属于哲学范围的美学,向着科学靠近了一步。对于这一发展的倾向。哈·奥斯本曾经这样加以评价:
它那审慎、实证、分析的作风标志着一种更为严密的研究趋势;它不愿作总的概括,却更为重视各门艺术如音乐、绘画、诗、戏剧等等的独特个性。它把兴趣集中在对各门艺术批评所用的概念结构上,分别从逻辑上加以澄清;并把所用的不同的评价标准弄清楚。与此相对照,建立一致性的东西,不是被视为不成熟的,就是被视为是危险的蒙昧主义。这种深入的研究,对于阐明一些特殊的问题,做出了显著的贡献,在分辨真假的争论中,也取得了某些进展。但是,从整个领域来看,它除了分解的方法外,在结论上并没有取得与之相称的结果。
美学问题不仅是一个细节的分析问题,而且是一个关系到整个人类感情价值的问题。对于感情价值,单靠语义和结构的分析,单靠信息和符号,单靠解剖刀,是无济于事的。它归根到底,要在科学的心理学方法之上,诉之于哲学的玄想和沉思,诉之于人类的心灵。人类的心灵,包括已知和未知、局部和整体、现在和未来。科学所面对的,是已知、局部和现在的部分;哲学所面对的,则主要是未知、整体和未来的部分。人类的感情世界,其中主要是美和艺术的世界,是人类心灵中重要的组成部分,因此,要抛弃对于美和艺术的本质的哲学探讨,这是不可能的。

对画线词语“否定美”的理解,正确的一项是( )。

A.否定玄妙高雅的美,崇尚通俗自然的美
B.否定用哲学方法研究美,主张用科学方法研究美
C.否定传统美学提倡的美,崇尚富于科学精神的美
D.否定思辨性的哲学美,主张语言学的形象美

填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.