问题 问答题 简答题

流行病学的学科特点有哪些?

答案

参考答案:

流行病学作为医学科学的一门基础学科,具有如下的特点:

首先,流行病学着眼于一个国家或一个地区的人群的健康状况,它所关心的常常是人群中的大多数,而不仅仅关注个体的发病情况,也即是流行病学研究对象具有群体性。

第二,流行病学是以疾病的分布为起点来认识疾病的,即通过收集、整理并考察有关疾病在时间、空间和人群中的分布特征,以揭示疾病发生和发展的规律,为进一步研究提供线索。表现为以分布为起点的特点。

第三,在流行病学研究中自始至终贯穿着对比的思想,对比是流行病学研究方法的核心。只有通过对比调查、对比分析,才能从中发现疾病发生的原因或线索。即流行病学具有对比的特点。

第四,在流行病学的调查、分析和评价过程中利用了概率论和数理统计学的分布、抽样、推断、参数、指标、模型等原理和方法,目的在于科学、高效地揭示疾病和健康的本质,评价各项研究的效果。即流行病学具有概率论和数理统计学的特点。

第五,人群健康同环境有着密切的关系。疾病的发生不仅仅同人体的内环境有关,还必然受到自然环境与社会环境的影响和制约。在研究疾病的病因和流行因素时,我们应该全面考察研究对象的生物、心理和社会生活状况。流行病学表现为社会医学的特点。

第六,作为公共卫生和预防医学的一门主干学科,流行病学始终坚持预防为主的方针并以此作为学科的研究内容之一。与临床医学不同的是,它面向整个人群,着眼于疾病的预防,特别是一级预防,保护人群健康。流行病学体现以预防为主的特点。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Although it's foolish to smoke, fifty million people in the United States still do that. Most of them

want to give up smoking, but smoking is a habit that is not easy to break. Luckily, thirty-five million

Americans have stopped it.

     Frank used to (过去常常) smoke a lot. He started to smoke when he was 16. Many of his friends

were doing it, and it made him feel like a grown-up. His parents told him that he was making a mistake,

but he didn't listen to them. When he joined the football team in the United States, he stopped smoking,

but then he started again.

     A month ago, he had a pain in his chest and stomach. "The pain isn't too bad. I'm sure it will go away

and I'll be fine. I probably eat too much," he told his wife, Helen. But it didn't go away and they both

began to worry. Frank called the doctor. The doctor told him that Helen should drive him to the hospital

right away. They examined his heart, took a chest X-ray, and kept him in the hospital overnight (一整夜).

      The next day his doctor read the X-ray report. He told Frank that he was okay, and that he could

be back to work after a few days' rest. But he advised him to stop smoking. Frank and Helen were very

happy. They were afraid that they were going to get bad news.

     Since Frank stopped smoking, he has been feeling better. He doesn't cough in the morning the way

he used to. His house and car don't have smell of smoke, and his wife and children are breathing cleaner

air.

l. Today, the number of smokers in the United States is _____ it used to be. 

A. larger than          

B. smaller than

C. as large as          

D. the same as

2. Frank started to smoke when he was _____.

A. a football player

B. fifteen years old

C. with many of his friends

D. sixteen years old

3. What was wrong with Frank a month ago?   

A. He ate too much.

B. He had a pain in his chest and stomach.

C. He stayed in the hospital overnight.

D. He took a chest X-ray.

4. —In the hospital, why did they think they might get bad news?

    —Because _____.

A. Frank smoked a lot for a long time

B. he was kept in the hospital overnight

C. the pain didn't go away quickly

D. all of the above  

多项选择题