问题 问答题 简答题

唐代宰相制度的基本特征?

答案

参考答案:

第一,群相制。宰相是集体的而非个人。第二,有共同的办公地点和集体议事会议称为"政事堂"。第三,既有分工,又集体议政。决策、审议、执行三大系统有机结合,办事效率高,政策性失误相对较少,有利于唐代政局之相对稳定。第四,科举进士逐渐成为宰相来源的主体。唐代大兴科举,科举宰相日益增多并逐步成为中枢系统的主体。第五,使相制。唐代后期,有一种特殊的宰相称为"使相",多指节度使兼宰相。这种使相实为优崇性职务,并不过问宰相政事,因此并非实际上的宰相,至于以宰相衔兼地方节度使、盐铁使等的也可称为"使相"。但这种宰相兼任外官的使相,回朝后一般还继续行使宰相权力,这与以外官兼宰相的"使相"有所不同。

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Rae and Bruce Hostetler not only work very hard,they also relax just as well.Numerous vacations help  the couple to maintain their health and emotional well­being­­and it’s no surprise to health care professionals.

“Rest,relaxation,and  stress  reduction are very  important for people’s well­being and health.This can be accomplished through daily activities,such as exercise and meditation,but vacation is an important part of this as well,” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York.Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off.“We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing,so a rested,relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better,” said Withers.

Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind.“The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great,” said Francine Lederer,a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management.“Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation,even if it is a 24­hour time­out.” The trips could be good for their health,good for their family and good for their businesses.

The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010,and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days—but only used 14 of them.France topped the list,with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them.Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued,but that’s not always good for the individual,the family or the employer.

Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.“Without time and opportunity to do this,the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker,making it actually more difficult to shift into less­stressed states,” Mulhern said.

小题1:How did the author introduce the topic of the text?

A.By making comparisons.

B.By giving an example.

C.By raising questions. 

D.By providing data.小题2:According to Natasha Withers,vacations can________.

A.weaken reaction system

B.cure serious diseases

C.reduce the level of well­being

D.decrease the risk of heart disease小题3:Expedia’s survey shows that Americans________.

A.dislike family gatherings

B.have the shortest vacation

C.enjoy as many vacations as the French

D.think much of spending long hours on the job小题4:What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A.One should never wait to relax.

B.Work and rest go against each other.

C.Time and opportunity wait for no man.

D.A relaxed mind determines everything.小题5:What is mainly talked about in the text?

A.Ways to relax in one’s free time.

B.The benefits of taking time off.

C.Different opinions on holidays.

D.The Hostetlers always on the go.