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问题 单项选择题

东汉建安元年（196年），曹操将汉献帝迎到许（即许县）。这一历史事件在不同的史籍中却有不同的记载。《三国志·魏志·武帝纪》和《三国志·毛玠传》载为"奉天子以令不臣"，而《三国志·诸葛亮传》及诸葛亮的《隆中对》却载为"挟天子以令诸侯"。这说明（）。

A.史料包含了记录者自身的立场情感

B.同一历史事件会有不同的史实记载

C.史料与历史真相之间可能存在差距

D.自相矛盾的史料不能作为历史证据

答案

参考答案：C

单项选择题

阅读短文


竞技庆典是古罗马文化中一种独一无二的仪式，它集竞技、宗教庆祝、胜利游行、血腥表演为一体，是几百年间最为流行的全民娱乐方式。
为罗马辩护的学者试图把竞技庆典中的血腥表演归结为古代民族中非常普遍的以活人献祭的宗教行为。然而，史料显示，罗马社会中使用人牲的现象比较罕见，通常只用牛羊献祭，只有在国家安全受到明显威胁时，出于迷信的原因，才象征性地处死少数异族人。更有说服力的证据是，罗马人往往将活人献祭视为野蛮民族的愚昧行为，以此作为自身“文明性”的反衬。
公元2世纪至5世纪罗马人与基督徒的论战也从反面证明了罗马人憎恶人牲的立场。在论战中，双方都互相指责对方以活人献祭，以此确立自己在道德和文化方面的优越地位，将对方钉上野蛮人的耻辱柱。
如果说罗马人的部分屠杀行为具有某种宗教色彩，那也是与军国主义捆绑在一起的。作为一个政教合一的国家，公开处决战俘的确有向庇佑罗马的诸神感恩的意味，但这并不是主要方面。正如普拉斯所断言，“竞技庆典从本质上说是为生者举行的仪式，而不是为死者举行的献祭”。对于以军事立国的罗马民族来说，这些屠杀行为首先是国家强力的展示。但屠杀行为竟会演变成娱乐节目，则与罗马人纵容和欣赏的态度有密切关系。 ① 罗马的所有阶层都对血腥表演极为痴迷。上至皇帝、元老院议员，下至身无分文的城市贫民，都热衷于观看人兽搏斗、集体处决和角斗士对决等节目。 ② 这些被处死的人主要是战俘、罪犯和奴隶，他们被称为“有害之人”，换言之是罗马帝国的害虫。因此，他们的死在罗马观众心中激不起任何同情，按照塞内加的说法，屠杀他们只是出于“游戏和娱乐”的动机。正因为这样的屠杀没有触动罗马人的道德底线，所以他们才毫不掩饰、甚至自豪地在雕刻和马赛克艺术中加以描绘。 ③
虽然仁慈一直是罗马人崇尚的道德准则，但罗马历史上却从来没有大规模的抵制血腥表演的运动。 ④ 西塞罗虽然在一封信中批评了庞培的竞技庆典，但他只是轻描淡写地表示，这样的表演对于一个有教养的人来说毫无乐趣可言。塞内加是竞技庆典最严厉的批评者。但他并不是从根本上反对表演性的屠杀，只是反对以娱乐为唯一目的的屠杀。他认为残酷的集体处决是绝对正义的惩罚。他真正担心的是如此密集、强烈的暴力表演对观众道德的腐蚀作用，所以他强调，竞技庆典中的死亡一定要体现出勇敢的品质和道德的警戒效果。另外一些哲学家甚至称赞此类表演有助于培养罗马公民的勇气和斯多葛主义所追求的忍耐精神。

下列对文中“竞技庆典”的理解，准确的一项是( )。

A．竞技庆典是古罗马文化中最为流行的全民娱乐方式，罗马人都从中得到乐趣

B．竞技庆典本质上不是为死者举行的献祭，而是为生者举行的仪式

C．竞技庆典由人兽搏斗、集体处决和角斗士对决三项血腥表演构成

D．竞技庆典有助于培养罗马公民的勇气和斯多葛主义所追求的忍耐精神
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A Great Friendship


Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps incomparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but (1) and above them, there were shared purpose, a common end (2) an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months (3) he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished (4) , Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison’s reply remind us (5) friends are friends until death. They also remind us that (6) a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the (7) itself, for has there ever been a friendship of (8) public consequence than this one
"The friendship which has subsisted (9) us now half a century, the harmony of our political (10) and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through (11) long period. It’s also been a great solace to me to believe that you’re (12) in vindicating to posterity the course that we’ve pursued for preserving to them, (13) all their purity, their blessings of self-government, (14) we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a (15) of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general (16) and happiness of those committed to it, one (17) , protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our (18) have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of (19) throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I (20) leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied—"You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren’t they not to be to me We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with which we discharge the trust committed to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here.\
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