问题 问答题

The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced. (47)Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.
(48)An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. (49)If, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.
The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. (50)In the American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.

答案

参考答案:[译文] 另一方面,如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低,这就会使销售一生产商提供的供给增加,反过来使价格下降,并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。

解析: 本句是一个复合句,开始是if引导的一个条件从句,主语是动名词短语producing more of a commodity,谓语是results in,宾语是reducing its cost;主句的主干是this will tend to increase the supply...,supply后面的分词结构offered by seller-producers后置作supply的定语;而句末的which引导一个非限定性定语从句,其中which指的是它前面的整个主句的内容。
[词汇] commodity(商品,日用品)result in(导致),注意区别result from(由……产生)

可接受的翻译 不可接受的翻译
on the other hand:另一方面 on the other hand:在另一只手里
results in reducing its cost:导致其成本降低 results in reducing its cost:由于其成本降低
[翻译实例]
例1:另一方面,如果大量生产某种商品使其成本降低,这就会使销售一生产商提供的供给增加,从而使价格下降,并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。
例2:另一方面,如果生产更多某种商品使其成本降低,这就会使销售一生产商提供的供给增加,这将降低价格,并允许更多的消费者来购买该产品。
例3:另一方面,如果由于减少成本而生产很多的商品,这将会使售货员一生产者提供的增加供给,这将会使价格下降,并使更多的消费者能够购买该产品。
例4:另一方面,如果由于减少成本而生产很多的一个商品,这将会趋向于使售货员一生产者增加供给,这将降低价格,并允许更多的消费者来购买该产品。
例5:如果,在另一只手里,生产很多的一个商品由于减少成本,这将会使售货员一生产者增加供给,降低价格,并允许更多的消费者来购买该产品。

阅读理解与欣赏

文言文阅读(22分。其中,选择题12分,每小题3分;翻译题10分)

阅读下面的文言文,完成问题。

诸葛孔明

陈亮

孔明,伊、周之徒也。而论之者多异说,以其遭时之难,而处英雄之不幸也。夫众人皆进,而我独退,雍容草庐,三顾后起。挺身托孤,不放不摄,而人无间言。权倡人主而上不疑,势倾群臣而下不忌。厉精治蜀,风化肃然。宥过无大刑故无小帝者之政也以佚道使人虽劳不想以生道杀人虽死不怨杀者王者之事也。孔明皆优为之,信其为伊、周之徒也。而论者乃谓其自比管、乐,委身偏方,特霸者之臣尔。是何足与论孔子之仕鲁与自比老、彭哉!甚者至以为非仲达敌,此无异于儿童之见也。彼岂非以仲达之言而信之耶?而不知其言皆谲也。仲

达不能逞其谲于孔明,故常伺孔明之开阖,妄为大言以谲其下。论者特未之察耳。

始孔明出祁山,仲迭出兵拒之,闻孔明将芟上邦之麦,卷甲疾行,晨夜往赴。孔明粮乏已退,仲达谲言日:“吾倍道疲劳,此晓兵者之所贪也。亮不敢据渭水,此易与耳。”夫军无见粮而转军与战,纵能胜之,后何以继?此少辩事机者之所必不为也。仲达心知其然,外为失言以谲其下耳。已而孔明出斜谷,仲达又率兵拒之。知孔明兵未逼渭,引军而济,背水为垒。孔明移军且至,仲达谲言曰:“亮若勇者,当出武功依山而阵。若西上五丈原,诸军无事矣。”夫敌人之兵已在死地,而率众直进,来与之战,此亦少辨事机者之所不为也。仲达知其必不出此,姑诳为此言以妄表其怯,以示吾之能料,且以少安其三军之心也。故孔明持节制之师,不用权谲,不贪小利,彼则曰:“亮志大而不见机,多谋而少决,好兵而无权。”凡此者,皆伺孔明之开阖,妄为大言以谲其下,此岂其真情也!

夫善观人之真情者,不于敌存之时,而于敌亡之后。孔明之存也,仲这之言则然。及其殁也,仲达按行其营垒,敛衽而叹曰:“天下奇才也!”彼见其规矩法度,出于其所不能为,恍然自失,不觉其言之发也。可以观其真情矣。论者不此之信,而信其谲,岂非复为仲达所谲哉!

唐李靖,谈兵之雄者也。吾尝读其问对之书,见其述孔明兵制之妙,曲折备至;曾不一齿仲达。彼晓兵者,固有以窥之矣。书生之论,曷为其不然也!孔明距今且千栽矣,未有能谅其心者。吾愤孔明之不幸,故备论之,使世以成败论人物者共少戒也。

(选自《陈亮集》,中华书局1974年版)

小题1:对下列句子中划线的词的解释,不正确的一项是

A.甚者至以为非仲达敌:敌人

B.故常孔明之开阖伺:窥探

C.仲达出兵之拒:抵御

D.夫军无粮而转军与战见:现成的小题2:下列各组句子中,加点的词的意义和用法相同的一组是

A.

B.

C.

D.小题3:下列用“/”给文中画波浪线部分的断句,正确的一项是

宥过无大刑故无小帝者之政也以佚道使人虽劳不怨以生道杀人虽死不怨杀者王者之事也

A.宥过无大刑/故无小/帝者之政也/以佚道使/人虽劳不怨/以生道杀/人虽死不怨杀者/王者之事也

B.宥过无大/刑故无小/帝者之政也/以佚道使人/虽劳不怨/以生道杀人/虽死不怨杀者/王者之事也

C.宥过无大刑/散无小/帝者之政也/以佚道使人/虽劳不怨/以生道杀人/虽死不怨/杀者/王者之事也

D.宥过无大/刑故无小/帝者之政也/以佚道使/人虽劳不怨/以生道杀/人虽死不怨/杀者/王者之事也小题4:下列各句对原文有关内容的理解,不正确的一项是

A.文章开篇即明确指出,诸葛亮与古代圣贤伊尹、周公是一类人物,然后历数诸葛亮的品德与功业,体现出作者对诸葛亮的高度评价。

B.文章通过剖析仲达对诸葛亮上邦芟麦和兵出斜谷两件事的言论,论证了作者关于仲达用大话欺骗部下、所说非其真实想法的观点。

C.作者在读了唐代李靖的文章后,感慨李靖作为一个通晓兵法的人竟然也会发表书生式的迂腐议论,可见后人难以懂得诸葛亮的内心。

D.这是一篇史论,文章对诸葛亮给予充分理解和深切同情,严正驳斥了一些人对诸葛亮的攻击和贬损,并且明确反对以成败论英雄。小题5:把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(10分)

(1)委身偏方,特霸者之臣尔。(4分)

译文:                           

(2)亮不敢据渭水,此易与耳。(3分)

译文:                            

(3)引军而济,背水为垒。(3分)

译文:                            

单项选择题 A3/A4型题