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问题 单项选择题

根据我国《宪法》规定，我国的根本制度是______。

A．全国人民代表大会制度
B．选举制度
C．社会主义制度
D．爱国统一战线制度

答案

参考答案：C

解析： 我国《宪法》第一条就明确规定，中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。

问答题 案例分析题

阅读以下信息系统可靠性问题的说明，在答题纸上回答问题1至问题3。

某软件公司开发一项基于数据流的软件，其系统的主要功能是对输入数据进行多次分析、处理和加工，生成需要的输出数据。需求方对该系统的软件可靠性要求很高，要求系统能够长时间无故障运行。该公司将该系统设计交给王工负责。王工给出该系统的模块示意图如图20-5所示。王工解释：只要各个模块的可靠度足够高，失效率足够低，则整个软件系统的可靠性是有保证的。

李工对王工的方案提出了异议。李工认为王工的说法有两个问题：第一，即使每个模块的可靠度足够高，但是整个软件系统模块之间全部采用串联，则整个软件系统的可靠度明显下降。假设各个模块的可靠度均为0.99，则整个软件系统的可靠度为0.994≈0.96：第二，软件系统模块全部采用串联结构时，一旦某个模块失效，则意味着整个软件系统失效。

李工认为，应该在软件系统中采用冗余技术中的动态冗余或者软件容错的N版本程序设计技术，对容易失效或者非常重要的模块进行冗余设计，将模块之间的串联结构部分变为并联结构，来提高整个软件系统的可靠性。同时，李工给出了采用动态冗余技术后的软件系统模块示意图，如图20-6所示。

刘工建议，李工方案中M1和M4模块没有采用容错设计，但是M1和M4发生故障有可能导致严重后果。因此，可以在M1和M4模块设计上采用检错技术，在软件出现故障后能及时发现并报警，提醒维护人员进行处理。

注：假设各个模块的可靠度均为0.99。

请给出检错技术的优缺点，并说明检测技术常见的实现方式和处理方式。
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填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.
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