问题 问答题 简答题

在有机介质中与在水溶液中的特性有何改变?

答案

参考答案:

酶在有机介质中起催化作用时,由于有机溶剂的极性与水有很大差别;对酶的表面结构、活性中心的结合部位和底物性质都会产生一定的影响,从而影响酶的底物特异性、立体选择性、区域选择性、间选择性和热稳定性等,而显示出与水相介质中不同的催化特性。

(1)底物专一性:在有机介质中,由于酶分子活性中心的结合部位与底物之间的结合状态发生某些变化,致使酶的底物特异性会发生改变。

(2)对映体选择性:酶在有机介质中催化,与在溶液中催化比较,由于介质的特性发生改变,而引起酶的对映体选择性也发生改变。一般来说,酶在水溶液中催化的立体选择性较强,而在疏水性强的有机介质中,酶的立体选择性较差。

(3)区域选择性:酶在进行催化反应时具有区域选择性,即酶能够选择底物分子中某一区域的基团优先进行反应。一般说来,酶在水溶液中的区域选择性比在有机介质中的区域选择性较强,在不同的有机介质中酶的区域选择性也有所不同。

(4)键选择性:酶在有机介质中进行催化时具有键选择性。即在同一个底物分子中有2种以上的化学键都可以与酶反应时,酶对其中一种化学键优先进行反应。

键选择性与酶的来源和有机介质的种类有关。在不同的有机介质中,酶的也有所不同。

(5)热稳定性:许多酶在有机介质中的热稳定性比在水溶液中的热稳定性更好。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Most people would be (1) by the high quality of medicine (2) to most Americans. There is a lot of specialization, a great deal of (3) to the individual, a (4) amount of advanced technical equipment, and (5) effort not to make mistakes because of the financial risk which doctors and hospitals must (6) in the courts if they (7) things badly.

But the Americans are in a mess. The problem is the way in (8) health care is organized and (9) . (10) to pubic belief it is not just a free competition system. The private system has been joined a large public system, because private care was simply not (11) the less fortunate and the elderly.

But even with this huge public part of the system, (12) this year will eat up 84.5 billion dollars—more than 10 percent of the U. S. Budget—large number of Americans are left (13) . These include about half the 11 million unemployed and those who fail to meet the strict limits (14) income fixed by a government trying to make savings where it can.

The basic problem, however, is that there is no central control (15) the health system. There is no (16) to what doctors and hospitals charge for their services, other than what the public is able to pay. The number of doctors has shot up and prices have climbed. When faced with toothache, a sick child, or a heart attack, all the unfortunate persons concerned can do is (17) up. Two thirds of the population (18) covered by medical insurance. Doctors charge as much as they want (19) that the insurance company will pay the bill.

The rising cost of medicine in the U. S. A. is among the most worrying problems facing the country. In 1981 the country’s health bill climbed 15.9 percent--about twice as fast as prices (20) general.

4()

A.countless

B.titanic

C.broad

D.vast