问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,回答问题。

砚铭考

砚,是人们熟悉的磨墨工具,在我国已经有悠久的历史。黄帝时代是我国从原始氏族阶段向国家形成过渡的时期,当时,已经出现私有财产,人们把自己心爱的墨海——大砚,刻上自己的名字表示拥有。砚铭,是刻在砚底、砚头、砚盖、砚身四侧或其他空余部分的一种可长可短,亦诗亦文,不拘一格的自由文体。古人大多把格言、诗句、警句作为砚铭,奉为自己的行为准则,并时时劝勉自己要躬身力行。就是今人,也时闻有如此雅兴。因此,它也是我国独有的文化现象和优秀的传统文化形式之一。它不仅能增加砚台的艺术欣赏价值,而且还是文物评定的标准和鉴定真伪的依据,故颇受人们的喜爱和重视。

后来,随着社会的进步,砚铭也由最初简单表示所属关系的姓名,逐渐发展成为一种记事咏物、说理寄情、言志叙怀的文学形式。《大戴礼记》所载的西周太公金匮砚铭是我国现存最早的砚铭,是以文学形式写成的,其铭曰:“石墨相著而黑,邪心谗言,得无白。”不过作为一种文学创作体裁的砚铭,还是到了汉魏时期才形成。作为文学形式的早期砚铭,大多数是就砚说砚,是文人用以品评和赞美砚的。到了宋代,人们喜欢用它抒发自己的思想感情,从此以后,言志寄情、赋诗颂词便成了砚铭创作的主流之一,并留下了许多脍炙人口的名篇佳作。如文天祥写的砚铭:“砚虽非铁难磨穿,心虽非石如其坚,守之弗失道自全。”就属此类。

砚铭作为艺术品的出现,比作为文学作品要晚得多,它兴于宋元,盛于明清。宋末元初,我国篆刻艺术空前兴盛,砚铭在它的影响下,开始向艺术方向发展。在刻制技艺上,砚铭广泛地吸收了篆刻艺术的全面构图、章法布局和刀法技巧,大大地提高了砚铭的艺术欣赏品位。同时砚铭亦趋于完备,年款也较之前代更为普遍,并出现了在铭后加钤[注:盖(图章)]的新内容。从此,款记便成了砚铭不可分割的组成部分,更增加了砚铭的装饰美。明清时期,赏砚之风日盛。当时金石书法名家辈出,他们中不少人自己动手书写和镌刻砚铭,如纪晓岚。为了把书法、雕刻和装饰有机地统一起来,使其达到最好的艺术效果,在书写和镌刻之前,都要对砚铭的全面布局、章法的疏密错落和刀法运用进行反复推敲,精心设计。砚面构图,因形而异,行、草、篆、楷,因砚而择,使其布局得体,和而不同。同时刀法的运用也力求做到笔画的顿挫、轻重、快慢、转折,要刻得生动自然,既有笔意又有刀味。不过,砚铭的书写毕竟不同于一般的文章写作,囚受到砚面与雕刻过程的限制,制作者选用的铭文大多简短、扼要、精辟,因此砚铭虽短,却字字千金,均是砚铭者的真情流露,从而使砚铭的文学美与艺术美融为一体,真正成为既具观赏性,又具实用性的艺术品。

(选自2004年12月24日《中国教育报》有删改)

1.砚铭作为艺术品“兴于宋元,盛于明清”的具体体现是什么?下列说法不正确的项是

A.宋末元初,砚铭吸收了篆刻艺术的全面构图、章法布局和刀法技巧,提高了砚铭的艺术欣赏品位。

B.宋末元初,款记成了砚铭不可分割的组成部分,更增加了砚铭的装饰美。

C.明清时期,砚面构图,布局得体,和而不同,刀法运用反复推敲,精心设计。

D.明清时期,砚铭简短、扼要、精辟,字字千金,能充分地表现砚铭者的真实情感。

2.下列理解不符合原文意思的一项是

A.古人大多把砚铭奉为自己的行为准则,并时时劝勉自己要躬身力行,因此文物家一般把砚铭当作鉴定文物真伪的依据。

B.宋代,文人墨客用砚铭来抒发自己的思想感情,留下了许多脍炙人口的名篇佳作。

C.砚铭作为一种文学创作体裁,到了汉魏时期才形成,内容上大多就砚说砚。

D.纪晓岚是清代金石书法名家中自己动手书写和镌刻砚铭的名家。

3.根据本文提供的信息,以下推断不正确的一项是

A.现在,我国仍有文人学士把格言、诗句、警句作为砚铭的,且多有年款和图章。

B.散文能更好地抒情言志,从文天祥开始,宋代的砚铭大都用散文形式写成,一般不用诗词写砚铭。

C.砚铭大多能提高砚的价值,质佳的、传承可考的古砚则会有不同于一般艺术品和文物的潜在价值。

D.随着世界性收藏热的升温,带有优秀砚铭的砚,将成为当代喜欢收藏砚的人追求的对象。

答案

1.D

2.A

3.B

1.所说内容是砚铭的共性,不是明清独有。

2.前后缺少因果关系。

3.“宋代一般不用诗词写砚铭”的推论不成立,因为文天祥的砚铭虽用散文写成,其他砚铭用什么形式写成没有点出来。

读图填空题
阅读理解

阅读理解

     For many people, the name Baskin-Robbins is linked to sweet memories of eating ice cream. Irvine

Robbins, who helped create this famous company, died in May at the age of ninety. His life's work of

making fun and exciting ice cream flavors changed the way Americans enjoy this food.

     Irvine Robbins opened his first ice cream store in 1945 in California. At the time, there were no stores

that sold only ice cream. His sister's husband, Burton Baskin, also opened his own ice cream stores.

     In 1948 they combined their six stores into one business. Baskin and Robbins realized that they were

too busy to operate each store well. So, they decided to sell part of each operation to the manager of that store. This permitted the company to grow quickly.

     By 1953, they renamed their company Baskin-Robbins. They advertised that they sold 31 kinds of

ice cream to show the many choices buyers had. There was one flavor for every day of the month.

     Robbins and Baskin sold "Lunar Cheesecake" the day after astronauts landed on the moon in 1969.

Other flavors included "ChaChaCha", for cherry chocolate chip, and Robbins' personal favorile "Jamoca

Almond Fudge". They said: "We sell fun, not just ice cream. "

     By 1967, there were 500 Baskin-Robbins stores in the United States. The business partners sold

their company that year. Today, there are more than 5,800 Baskin-Robbins stores around the world.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The managers of Baskin-Robbins.  

B. The start of Baskin-Robbins.

C. The production of Baskin Robbins. 

 D. The great success of Baskin-Robbins.

2. From the text we learn that _____.

A. Baskin-Robbins was the only shop selling ice cream in 1945

B. Baskin-Robbins was famous for their special ice cream flavors

C. Baskin-Robbins grew quickly because they combined their other stores together

D. there had been more than 5,800 Baskin-Robbins stores around the world by 1967

3. What was probably the main reason for Baskin-Robbins' success?

A. They sold not only ice cream, but fun.

B. They renamed their company.

C. They put all their hearts into the business.

D. They sold "Lunar Cheesecake".

4. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that

A. Jamoca Almond Fudge is Baskins' favourite

B. Cherry chocolate chip sells best

C. Robbins and Baskin were good at inventing new ice creams

D. Lunar cheesecake was invented for the astronauts