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裴斯塔洛齐和谐发展思想述评。

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裴斯塔洛齐认为,教育的目的就在于培养有道德、有智慧、身体强壮、能劳动并有一定劳动技能的身心和谐发展的完人。在《天鹅之歌》中,他写道:“依据自然法则,发展儿童道德、智慧和身体各方面的能力,而这些能力的发展,又必须顾到它们的完全平衡”这里所说的“完全平衡”,就是指德、智、体各方面能力的协调发展。

为了实现培养身心和谐发展的完人,裴斯塔洛齐提出体育、德育和智育及劳动教育几个方面的教育。体育的任务是通过各种活动把潜藏于人身上各种渴求发展的生理能力和力量充分发展起来。裴斯塔洛齐极为注重道德教育,视之为“整个教育体系的关键问题”。在道德教育方法方面,裴斯塔洛齐反对口头的道德说教,强调通过具体生动的事例激发儿童的道德情感,培养道德观念,形成道德习惯。在这个过程中教师的示范作用和学生道德行为的练习起着巨大作用。裴斯塔洛齐把爱人类,进而爱上帝作为道德教育的最高目标,把道德教育与宗教结合在一起,这是不对的。但他强调爱人,特别是强调爱劳动人民,这又具有明显的民主主义性质,有着进步意义。裴斯塔洛齐极为重视知识教育,强调在传授知识的过程中,要通过观察和经验发展儿童比较、判断、思维能力,把传授知识和发展思维统一起来,这一思想显然是正确的,对反对经院主义教育的死记硬背有着巨大意义。

裴斯塔洛齐把劳动教育当作劳动人民获得幸福的根源,是一种不切实际的幻想,而且其教学内容与生产劳动之间也缺乏内在的联。但必须指出,在西方近代教育发展史上,裴斯塔洛齐第一次明确提出德、智、体几个方面协调发展,并坚持教育与生产劳动结合,工场与学校合一的教育家,这一思想符合时代的要求。也反映了和谐发展教育思想本身的进步。

阅读理解

阅读理解

     Just as the stock (股票) market rises and falls in response to what people are willing to put their

money behind, we have inside ourselves an inner economy that rises and falls in response to our

beliefsabout what is possible.Sometimes the degree to which we are willing to challenge our belief

systems determines the success of our inner economy.For example, imagine that your family of origin

had a belief that musical talent was not something they possessed.As a member of that group, you

would likely hold that same belief about yourself.As a result, even if you had a great desire to create

music, you might be hesitant to really get behind yourself, fearing that your investment (投资) would

not pay off.Even if you had the courage to follow your passion, your inner belief that you are not born

talented would probably be a major obstacle to investing your energy in your dream.

     On the other hand, if you found a way to release that negative belief, a great flood of energy would

pour forth, greatly increasing the likelihood of your success.How much energy we are willing to invest

in the various ideas, dreams, and visions we carry within is like the money people are, or are not,

willing to invest in the various products available for trade on the stock market.And in both cases, belief

plays a key role in determining how willing we are to get behind something.One way to open up the

possibility for greater success in our inner economies is to understand that belief is not the reliable guide

we sometimes think.There are other more reliable things of success that we can put our faith in, such as

passion, feeling, and sense.Some of the most successful investors in the stock market are the ones that

go against the grain, trusting their sense over the common opinion held by common people about what

will work.

     In the same way, we can learn to trust our heart's desires and our sense to guide us, questioning any

beliefs that stand in the way of our ability to fully invest in ourselves.As we take out energy from limiting

ideas about what is possible, we free up the resources that have the power to make our inner economy

prosper.

1. We can safely conclude from the first paragraph that________.

A. our belief is not reliable

B. belief is not so important in our success

C. belief is an obstacle to our success

D. our belief determines our success in some way

2. According to the passage, if a family of origin has passion for literature, the members of the family

    will probably________.

A. write poems

B. hate literature

C. enter the field of literature

D. teach literature

3. We can put our faith in the following things of success except________.

A. passion  

B. feeling

C. sense  

D. stock market

4. The purpose of the author is________.

A. to teach us a lesson

B. to give us some useful suggestions

C. to encourage us to invest in the stock market

D. to tell us common people have negative beliefs

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