某小学生为了避免父母的斥责而认真完成家庭作业，其行为背后的作用机制是
A．正强化
B．负强化
C．正惩罚
D．负惩罚
参考答案：B
解析：[分析] 本题旨在考查考生对斯金纳的操作性条件作用理论的掌握情况。根据斯金纳的观点，正强化与负强化的目的都是提高反应发生概率，但正强化是通过呈现愉快刺激的方式来达到这一目的，而负强化则是通过撤销厌恶刺激的方式来达到这一目的。正惩罚与负惩罚的目的都是降低反应发生概率，但正惩罚是通过呈现消极刺激的方式来达到这一目的，而负惩罚则是通过中止积极刺激的方式来达到这一目的。根据对本题内容的分析，“认真完成家庭作业”是希望提高发生概率的行为，而“避免父母的斥责”则是撤销厌恶刺激的方式。故本题正确答案为B。
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| Everyone needs friends. __1__ is nice to talk, laugh and do things with friend. __2__, sometimes we need to be alone. We don't always want people around. But we would feel lonely if we __3__ had a friend. No two people are just the same. Friends sometimes don't __4__ well with each other. That doesn't mean __5__ they no longer like each other. Most of the time they will make up and become friends again. Sometimes friends move away. Then we feel very sad. We miss them very much, so we __6__ them and write to them. It could be possible that we would see them again. And we can also __7__ new friends to get out. It is surprised to find out __8__ we like new people when we get to know them. There's more good news for people who have friends. They live longer than people who don't. Why? It may be because they are __9__. Being happy helps you stay well. Or it may be just because they know that someone cares. __10__ someone cares about you, you take better care of yourself. | |||
| ( ) 1. A. This ( ) 2. A. Whatever ( ) 3. A. always ( ) 4. A. get along ( ) 5. A. whether ( ) 6. A. ask ( ) 7. A. make ( ) 8. A. how many ( ) 9. A. stronger ( ) 10. A. But | B. It B. Unless B. ever B. get up B. why B. call B. help B. how much B. braver B. Although | C. That C. Since C. never C. get ready C. that C. tell C. search C. how often C. happier C. If | D. There D. However D. often D. get to D. what D. talk D. know D. how far D. richer D. Whenever |