问题 单项选择题

内外径比值为的空心圆轴受扭时,若已知a点的剪应变γa,则b点的剪应变γb为()。

A.γb=0.5γa

B.γba

C.γb=2γa

D.γb=3γa

答案

参考答案:C

解析:

根据空心圆轴受扭时,横截面上各点的剪应变与其到圆心的距离成正比。

单项选择题

阅读以下文字,完成以下问题。
谈到环境污染,人们首先会想到水污染、大气污染、噪声污染、固体废物污染等等,却很少察觉身边[ ]的威胁——光污染。在大城市,耀眼的路灯、建筑照明、灯箱广告等造成的光污染已成为人类身体健康和自然生态的又一环境杀手。有时人们借用“噪音”的叫法,把那些对人体有害的光叫“噪光”。光污染也被称为噪光污染。
国际上一般将光污染分成三类,即白亮污染、人工白昼和彩光污染。商店和建筑物用大块镜面式铝合金装饰的外墙、玻璃幕墙等形成的光污染属于白亮污染;大酒店、大商场和娱乐场所的广告牌、霓虹灯、大城市中设计不合理的夜景照明等,强光直刺天空,使夜间如同白日,这属于人工白昼;现代舞厅、歌厅安装的黑色灯、旋转灯、荧光灯以及闪烁的彩色光源则构成了彩光污染。
光污染被称作视力杀手。
临街玻璃幕墙的反射光影响正常的交通行驶,成为事故隐患,同时,反射光的聚焦还容易引起火灾。而彩光污染危害更严重,它不仅对眼睛不利,而且干扰大脑中枢神经,使人出现头昏心烦、恶心呕吐、失眠、注意力不集中、身体乏力、情绪烦躁等症状。
在光污染中首当其冲的是直接接触光源的眼睛。据统计,我国高中生近视率达60%以上,居世界第二位。卫生专家认为,其中主要原因并非单纯用眼习惯所致,而是视觉环境受到噪光污染。其中不仅包括上面所提到的白光、彩光等,甚至室内光源、墙面、镜面、瓷砖以及书写使用的书籍纸张都是视觉环境的噪光污染源。
据科学测定,镜面玻璃的光反射率为82%一88%,特别是光滑的粉墙和洁白的书簿纸张的光反射系数商达90%,这个数值大大超过了人体所能承受的光辐射适应范围。如果人长期在这种反光条件下工作或生活,视网膜会受到不同程度的损害,其感光细胞功能受到抑制,造成视力急剧下降,白内障发病率有时可达45%。
光污染干扰着生态。
数百万年来,地球上的一切生物都是在自然光的作用下成长繁殖的,现在的照明对自然界是一种非常严重的干扰。科学家发现,一只小型广告灯箱一年可以杀死35万只昆虫。长此下去,很可能会严重危及昆虫世界的多样性。因为昆虫是大自然食物链上的一个重要环节,比如说鸟类和蝙蝠,就是以昆虫为主食的。许多植物是靠昆虫传粉授花的。如果没有了昆虫,必将导致严重的生态灾难。
人工灯光的光点有时可以传到数千公里之外。不少动物受到人工照明的刺激后,夜间也精神十足,消耗了用于自卫、觅食和繁殖的精力。习惯在黑暗中交配的蟾蜍的某些品种已濒临灭绝。
大西洋沿岸的海龟也难逃厄运。原来,新孵出的小海龟通常是根据月亮和星星在水中的倒影而游往水中的。可是,由于地面上的光超过了月亮和星星的亮度,使得那些刚出生的小海龟误把陆地当海洋,因缺水而丧了命。

根据上文推测,为减少光污染的危害,以下做法不够正确的一项是( )。

A.可以用光色偏黄的钠气灯,取代今天的白色日光灯。这样既可以改善人的视觉环境,又可以降低受害昆虫的数量

B.装饰建筑及室内环境、生产日用产品时尽量避免使用那些刺眼的颜色,如:可以用米黄、浅蓝色粉刷室内墙壁,书籍用黄色纸张,穿“生态颜色”的衣服

C.在夜晚禁止使用对动物和人类有害的人工照明用具,减少彩色灯光,控制旋转灯光,取消灯箱广告

D.采用降低反射率的方法降低玻璃幕墙的反射程度,还可以通过工艺使高光反射率的玻璃不产生光线的干扰

填空题

Part 4


Questions 26-45


·Read the following passage and decide which answer bestfits each space.
·For questions 26-45, mark one letter A, B, C or D on the Answer Sheet.
The "standard of living" of any country means the (26) person’s share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country’s standard of living, therefore depends (27) and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this (28) is not money, for we do not live on money (29) on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services" such as (30) and "entertainment".
A country’s capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors, most of which have an effect (31) one another. Wealth depends (32) a great extent upon a country’s natural resources. Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals, and have a (33) soil and a favorable climate; other regions (34) none of them.
Next to natural resources (35) the ability to turn them to use. China is perhaps as well off as the USA in natural resources, but suffered for many years from (36) and external wars, and for this and other reasons was incapable (37) her resources. Sound and (38) political conditions, and freedom from foreign invasion, enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily, and to produce more wealth than another country (39) well served by nature but less well ordered.
A country’s standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and (40) within its own borders, but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example, Britain’s wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much (41) if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would (42) be lacking. A country’s wealth is, therefore, much (43) by its manufacturing capacity, (44) that other countries can be found ready to (45) its manufactures.

A.coming

B.comes

C.come

D.have come