问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下文,完成文后各题。

人类文明与宗教

从文明发展史来看,倘若追溯到史前时代,人类精神文明的“元胎”原本就是宗教。它囊括一切,包容一切,将今天已经分门别类的所有文明品种之萌芽全部融成一体综合其中。在当时,科学、哲学、医学、天文、音乐、舞蹈、戏剧、绘画、雕塑、伦理、法律……全都总揽于原始宗教之中。古老的世界三大宗教以及我国各少数民族的宗教史诗中都涉及到天地起源、万物起源、人类起源这类科学的根本问题。史前人类岩画中的生殖崇拜、太阳崇拜以及祭祀舞蹈也多带有原始宗教性质。图腾崇拜集美术、雕塑、抽象艺术于一体,带着面具的宗教群舞更是戏剧的前身。尤其值得注意的是,天文学起源于占星术,数学起源于数术,地理学起源于堪舆之术,化学起源于岐黄炼丹之术,医学更是从巫术脱胎而来,带有明显的宗教“胎记”。五千年前的古巴比伦医学认为疾病总是与诸神、鬼怪、星辰有关(有两千块楔形文字泥板为证)。三千五百年前的古埃及医学是神庙学校秘密教义的产物,最早的医学文献也写在纸草经卷当中。古印度直到公元前790年婆罗门医学才从吠陀医学中衍生出来,医生也从僧侣阶层中分离出来。古希腊的祭司就是医生。我国的中医同样是诞生于巫术的丛林草莽之中。宗教的“宗”字有“根本”、“本旨”之意,它恰如其分地反映出原始宗教包罗万象,乃是文明之宗的这一特征。

人类文明发祥于宗教,随着文明的逐渐演进,分门别类的专业从宗教中分化出来。这种分化一直不断地进行,不仅越分越细,各专业也日趋独立,沿着各自的轨道互为辐射发散,彼此绝少交叉往来。这种“重分化、少综合”的倾向,正是当今诸多弊端的根源。其中最明显的病症当属“技术发展”与“人文理念”的脱节。人类文明当前的许多重大问题都必须追寻到本源的综合上,追寻到人与自然的根本关系上,追寻到涉及人性的宗教范畴才能谋求彻底的解决。当前人类活动业已扩展到整个地球,不同的地域文明逐渐融合,走向信息、商品、资源、人才的全球一体化。这种“合”的势头非常有利于人们从“综合”着眼来研究问题,解决问题。世间的事“分久必合,合久必分”,一种更加健全的文明必将在“合”的趋势中诞生。

阿•汤因比曾经设想过“人类未来的宗教究竟是怎样的宗教?”他认为:“产生并支持新文明的未来宗教,必须赋予人类明辨和克服严重威胁人类生存的各种罪恶力量。这些罪恶当中最可怕的是那些从人类历史中沿袭下来的陈旧东西。这就是和生命本身具有同样古老历史的贪欲,以及和文明具有同样古老历史的战争和社会的不公正,还有和这些几乎同样可怕的新罪恶,这就是认为满足自己的欲望,应用科学和技术所造成的人为的环境。”

当前,彻底消解人与自然之间日益紧张的关系,实际上是树立一种正确信仰的问题。首先是如何对待“自然”的问题。汤因比认为:“人类本来是怀着敬畏之心看待自己环境的,应该说,这才是健全的精神状态。”遗憾的是,掌握了现代科学技术的人类,自以为对大自然的了解已经透彻得一览无余,人们已不再敬畏自然,进而还要藐视自然,主宰自然。也许只有一些对自然有着精深理解的人如今还能对无比严格,无比艰深,无比庄严,无比美妙的大自然保持一种由衷的敬畏之心,对大自然还怀有一种虔诚的宗教感情。他们深切地认识到人与自然始终是处于一种“有限”与“无限”,“暂时”与“永存”的关系。

人类应该确立与自然“和谐”的信仰,注重科学技术与人文理念的“综合”。这“和”、“合”二字在民间又称之为“和合二仙”。但愿他们能够保佑人类走出技术阴影和人性的暗区,自觉地将人类的生存与发展纳入到大自然的普遍和谐之中,在大自然协调统一的庄严秩序中发挥人类的智慧与创造能力。

(节选自詹克明《一个科学工作者的忧虑》,题目为编者所加。)

小题1:下列说法符合文意的两项是                               (5分)

A.中外漫长的文明发展进程表明原始宗教是人类文明的起源。

B.宗教的分化随着人类文明的演进而促使各门专业日趋独立。

C.人类文明发展中出现的问题都与“重分化、少综合”倾向有关。

D.全球一体化的趋势必将推动人类文明向更健全的方向发展。E.人类掌握了现代科学技术就可以透彻地了解和改造大自然。

小题2:下列说法不符合“更加健全的”人类文明特征的一项是        (3分)

A.具有科学的眼光和高超智慧,怀有虔诚的宗教感情和征服自然的决心。

B.以整个人类为根本,顾及地球资源的长远利用和子孙后代的生存发展。

C.注重科学技术与人文理念的相互结合,注重物质与精神的协调发展。

D.排斥野蛮、奢欲、愚昧、不公正等恶俗,关注人际关系的和睦友善。

答案

小题1:AD

小题2:A

小题1:A 、D(A 项见第一段。D项见第二段。 B项原文是说“分门别类的专业从宗教中分化出来”,并未说“宗教分化”。C项原文只是说“当今诸多弊端的根源”与“重分化、少综合”倾向有关,而并非说人类文明发展中出现的所有问题都与其有关。E项“掌握了现代科学技术”并不意味着就“可以透彻地了解和改造大自然”,与原文意思不符。)   

小题2:A(对宗教“怀有虔诚的感情”可以说是一种文明,但未必是“更加健全的”人类文明;

而且“更加健全的”人类文明对自然应是敬畏并能与之和谐相处,而不应是“征服”。)

阅读理解

Educating girls quite possibly gets a higher rate of return than any other deal available in the developing world.Women's education may be unusual field for economists, but increasing women's contribution to development is actually as much an economic as a social project.And economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励), provides an explanation for why so many girls lose the chance of education.

Parents in low-income countries don't send their daughters to school because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else's family and bear children.Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school----the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trapping women in a vicious circle (恶性循环)of abandonment.

An educated mother, on the other hand.has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices.She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance.The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys.will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle (良性循环).

Few will argue that educating women has great social benefits.But it has enormous economic advantages as well.Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female workers.Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling.Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available deal, but they are just the beginning.Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning.

小题1:The author argues that educating girls in developing countries is _______.

A.expensive

B.troublesome

C.rewarding

D.labor-saving小题2:What does the author say about women's education?

A.It has developed the interest of a growing number of economists

B.It is in the first place in many developing countries

C.It deserves greater attention than other social project

D.It will get greater returns than other known deal小题3:The passage mainly discusses ______.

A.unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries

B.the economic and social benefits of educating women

C.the major contributions of educated women to society

D.the potential earning power of well-educated women

单项选择题