问题 问答题


S先生的决策困惑
HL公司新任采购主管S先生,审查了公司主要原料之一铝管材的采购策略及做法之后,打算制定出一项有助于提高公司竞争力的采购策略。
该公司专门按顾客特定需要进行热传送系统的设计与制造,且技术水平领先。而且提供的热传送系统适用于许多行业,如炼钢厂、造纸厂和发电厂等。具体产品有:供热与散热线圈、水力发电冷却器和变压冷却器。该公司的宗旨是“在全世界范围内为工业热能系统提供创新性工程解决方法和高质量的设备”。它向加拿大、墨西哥及其他国家的出口量超过总销量的40%。
换热器或热传送装置对保持操作环境在某一特定的温度起着决定性作用。在传送过程中,液体流经一系列管子后冷却下来。接着这些液体流回到发电机,又重复上一过程。空气制冷液体冷却器是由冷却管、用来产生气流的扇式保温箱和支架构成。每一个换热传送系统都是按顾客需求设计的。工程部门列出需要的物料名称,制定出初步的物料单,然后连同成本和采购方面的情况一起提交给销售部,供洽谈售货合同时使用。一旦售货合同商定,完备的物料单即可确定下来。物料在需要时采购。大多数物料要求的交货周期为4~6周。没有产成品库存,所有产品均是按订单生产。
该公司没有对诸如发动机和风机这样的部件进行库存(需要时才采购)。但对于重要物品,该公司拥有多家供应商。在上一年1600万美元的销售额中,原料及部件成本大约占了600万美元。通常采购的铝管材多达15种,它们有不同的壁厚和直径,其中有5种铝管材最常见。铝管材约占该公司全年原材料及部件采购额的35%。由于欧洲的价格较低,前任采购主管从欧洲一家厂商那里采购了约40%的铝管材,其余的由北美两家供应商提供。考虑到运输费用,所有从欧洲的购货均采用50英尺的集装箱来运送。时间要耗费一个或两个月以上。有时甚至长达三个月以上。在前任采购主管看来,尽管有运货成本和不确定性这两个不利因素,但欧洲供应商提供的FOB(船上交货)产地价格1.2美元/磅与北美的1.5美元/磅价格相比,还是极具吸引力的。由于距离的原因,欧洲供应商的提前期为6~8周,而北美供应商的提前期为2~3周。
当然,也可以考虑从批发商那里采购铝管材。他们把管材切割成段,也可以满足公司所需要的确切的总重量。由于管材的质量和清洁度直接关系到翅片的性能,所以该公司只能使用某些特定规格的铝材。前任采购主管认为,保持三家供应商就能确保供货并使他们保持警觉。这三家供应商都不知道该公司每年铝管材的总需要量为250000吨。公司持有的铝管材库存量为300万美元,铝管材被放在厂内三个大的货架上、厂内空地上,甚至放在员工的停车场。而公司库存储存成本通常占采购价格的25%。
该公司要求S先生做到以下几点:如果可能的话完全取消库存;降低采购价格;在日趋激烈的市场竞争中坚持满足顾客的交货要求。S先生想知道应该实施什么计划和战略才能完成自己的职责。因为他刚上任,还得了解公司内工程、采购、运作和销售这些部门是如何相互配合的。
案例分析要求:

简述企业战略的概念和层次。

答案

参考答案:

解析:企业战略是企业的管理层所制定的“策略规划”。其目的在于:确定本企业在其市场领域中的位置,成功地同其竞争对手进行竞争,满足顾客的需求,获得卓越的公司业绩。企业战略包括管理者在经营一家公司时所运用的所有竞争行动和业务措施,跨越了公司经营和管理的整个范畴。 在大型企业中,战略的制定、实施与评估活动发生在四个层次:公司层次、分部或战略事业部层次、职能部门层次、经营运作层次。绝大多数小企业和一些大企业不设立分部或战略事业部,他们只分为公司层次、职能部门层次以及经营运作层次。

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Even their parents struggle to draw the tiniest hint of emotion or social connection from autistic(患孤独症的) children, so imagine what happens when a stranger sits with the child for hours to get through the standard IQ test. For 10 of the test’s 12 sections, the child must listen and respond to spoken questions. Since for many autistics it is torture to try to engage with someone even on this impersonal level, it’s no wonder so many wind up with IQ scores just above a carrot’s. More precisely, fully three quarters of autistics are classified as having below-normal intelligence, with many deemed mentally retarded.

Researchers have tried a different IQ test, one that requires no social interaction. As they report in the journal Psychological Science, autistic children’s scores came out starkly different than on the oral, interactive IQ test — suggesting a burning intelligence inside these kids that educators are failing to uncover.

For the study, children took two IQ tests. In the more widely used Wechsler, they tried to arrange and complete pictures, do simple arithmetic, demonstrate vocabulary comprehension and answer questions— almost all in response to a stranger’s questions. In the Raven’s Progressive Matrices test, they got brief instructions, then went off on their own to analyze three-by-three arrays of geometric designs, with one missing, and choose the design that belonged in the empty place. The disparity in scores was striking. Overall, the autistics scored around the 30th percentile on the Wechsler, which corresponds to "low average" IQ. But they averaged in the 56th percentile on the Raven’s. not a single autistic child scored in the "high intelligence" range on the Wechsler; on the Raven’s, one third did. Healthy children showed no such disparity.

That presents a puzzle. If many autistics arc more intelligent than an IQ test shows, why haven’t their parents noticed Partly because many parents welcome a low score, which brings their child more special services from schools and public agencies. But another force is at work. "We often think of intelligence as what you can show, such as by speaking fluently," says a psychologist. "Parents as well as professionals might be biased to look at that" rather than dig for the hidden intellectual spark.

The challenge is to coax that spark into the kind of intelligence that manifests itself in practice. That is something autism researchers are far from doing. Many experts dismiss autistics’ exceptional reading, artistic or other abilities as side effects of abnormal brain function. They advise parents to steer their child away from what he excels at and obsesses over, and toward what he struggles with. It makes you wonder how many other children, whose intellectual potential we’re too blind to see, we’ve also given up on.

Which of the following is not the reason why parents are unable to find the hidden intelligence in their autistic children()

A. They want their children to have a low intelligence level to get some benefits

B. The lower IQ test scores can bring to their children more special services

C. The social recognition of intelligence mainly relies on the ability of expression

D. Some experts always consider the hidden intelligence as abnormal functions