问题 名词解释

伊克塔

答案

参考答案:

阿拉伯语“Iqta”的音译,意为“分割”。系指阿拉伯帝国赐予行政和军事官员作为俸禄收入来源的土地。泛指阿拉伯—伊斯兰国家封建土地制度。伊克塔制始于四大哈里发时期,倭马亚王朝和阿拔斯王朝前期日益盛行。伊克塔制与同时代的西欧的采邑制不同,虽然也以服役为条件,但不是封建等级的世袭领地。伊克塔由哈里发或苏丹直接封授,伊克塔封建主有权向所领农民征收赋税,但无土地所有权,并须向国家缴纳什叶税。伊克塔封建主一般不住在封地,而是委托代理人管理土地。伊克塔的规模大小不等,哈里发家族和行省总督拥有很多伊克塔。随着封建制度的发展,伊克塔逐渐变为世袭,转为私有。伊克塔制亦流行于中亚、印度等地的伊斯兰国家。

完形填空
完形填空。
        I have two new friends.  One is a girl.      1     name is Linda.  She is from     2     .  She is
twelve    3    old.  She is a student    4     Beijing International School.  She is in    5    .  She can
speak    6    and English.  Her parents     7     teachers at a middle school.
       The other is Liu Kun.  He is a Chinese    8    .  He is eleven.  He is in Class One,  too.  He
can speak Chinese well    9    he can't speak English.  His parents are    10      workers.

(     )1. A. He                        
(     )2. A. Ameia                    
(     )3. A. year                      
( )4. A. with                      
(     )5. A. Grade seven,
                Class four
(     )6. A. Englih                    
(     )7. A. is                        
(     )8. A. boy                        
(     )9. A. and                        
(     )10A. factory                  

B. She                    
B. American                
B. years                  
B. on                      
B. Seven Grade,
     Four Class
B. China                  
B. are                    
B. girl                    
B. too                    
B. factories              
C. His                      
C. Chinese                  
C. weeks                    
C. at                      
C. Class Four,
     Grade Seven
C. Chinese                  
C. am                      
C. teacher                  
C. but                      
C. factory's              
D. Her                  
D. English              
D. month                
D. and                  
D. grade seven,
     class four
D. England              
D. be                    
D. manager              
D. at                    
D. factorys              
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