问题 问答题 简答题

何谓消毒作用水平?分成哪4类?

答案

参考答案:

消毒作用水平:是指用消毒、灭菌方法杀灭微生物的种类和作用的大小。可分为下述4类:

(1)灭菌方法:可杀灭外环境中一切微生物的物理、化学方法。属于此类的有:热力灭菌、电离辐射灭菌、微波灭菌、等离子体灭菌等物理灭菌方法和甲醛、戊二醛、环氧乙烷、乙型丙内酯、过氧乙酸、过氧化氢等化学灭菌剂。

(2)高效消毒方法:可以杀灭一切致病性微生物的消毒方法。这类消毒剂应能杀灭一切细菌繁殖体(包括结核分枝杆菌和致病性芽孢菌)、病毒、真菌及其孢子等,对细胞芽孢也有一定的杀灭作用。属于此类的化学消毒剂和物理消毒法有:紫外线及含氯消毒剂、臭氧、二氧化氯、甲基乙内酰脲类化合物和一些复配的消毒剂等。

(3)中效消毒方法:是可以杀灭和去除细菌芽孢以外的各种致病性微生物的消毒方法,包括超声波、碘类消毒剂(聚维酮碘、氯己啶碘酊、氯啶碘等)、醇类、酚类消毒剂等。

(4)低效消毒方法:只能杀灭细菌繁殖体、亲脂病毒的化学消毒剂和通风散气、冲洗等机械除菌法。低效消毒剂有单链季铵盐类消毒剂(苯几溴铵等)、双胍类消毒剂如氯己啶、中草药消毒剂和汞、银、铜等金属离子消毒剂等。

单项选择题
单项选择题

If phone calls and web pages can be beamed through the air to portable devices, then why not electrical power, too It is a question many consumers and device manufacturers have been asking themselves for some time. But to seasoned observers of the electronics industry, the promise of wireless recharging sounds depressingly familiar. In 2004 Splashpower, a British technology firm, was citing “very p” interest from consumer-electronics firms for its wireless charging pad. Based on the principle of electromagnetic induction (EMI) that Faraday had discovered in the 19th century, the company’s “Splashpad” contained a coil that generated a magnetic field when a current flowed through it. When a mobile device containing a corresponding coil was brought near the pad, the process was reversed as the magnetic field generated a current in the second coil, charging the device’ s battery without the use of wires. Unfortunately, although Faraday’s principles of electromagnetic induction have stood the test of time, Splashpower has not — it was declared bankrupt last year without having launched a single product.

Thanks to its simplicity .and measurability, electromagnetic induction is still the technology of choice among many of the remaining companies in the wireless-charging arena. But, as Splashpower found, turning the theory into profitable practice is not straightforward. But lately there have been some promising developments.

The first is the formation in December 2008 of the Wireless Power Consortium, a body dedicated to establishing a common standard for inductive wireless charging, and thus promoting its adoption. The new consortium’s members include big consumer-electronics firms, such as Philips and Sanyo, as well as Texas Instruments, a chipmaker.

Fierce competition between manufacturers of mobile devices is also accelerating the introduction of wireless charging. The star of this year’s Consumer Electronics Show held in Las Vegas was the Pre, a smart-phone from Palm. The Pre has an optional charging pad, called the Touchstone, which uses electromagnetic induction to charge the device wirelessly.

As wireless-charging equipment based on electromagnetic induction heads towards the market, a number of alternative technologies are also being developed. PowerBeam, a start-up based in Silicon Valley, uses lasers to beam power from one place to another.

It now seems to be a matter of when, rather than if, wireless charging enters the mainstream. And if those in the field do find themselves languishing in the disillusionment, they could take some encouragement from Faraday himself. He observed that “nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature.” Not even a wirelessly rechargeable iPhone.

The author gives the example of Touchstone to show()

A. the smart phone Pre has enough creativeness to be the star of the show

B. intensified competition promotes the introduction of wireless charging

C. big companies have been trying hard to promote wireless charging

D. the Wireless Power Consortium has done a great job up till now