材料一：贝克莱认为，“存在就是被感知”，人的各种感觉构成了事物。黑格尔认为，整个世界是“绝对观念”的“外化”和产物。

材料二：北宋张载认为：“太虚不能无气，气不能不聚而为万物。”

（1）材料一中的两位哲学家的观点分别是什么？（4分）

（2）材料二是什么观点？（2分）

（3）运用所学知识，对材料一、二中的观点进行分析。（8分）

The value of a product is determined by the ratio of its quality to its price. The higher the value of a product, the better will be its competitive position. Therefore, either increasing the quality or lowering the price of a given product will increase the likelihood that consumer will select that product rather than a competing one.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion drawn above

A．It is possible to increase both the quality and the price of a product without changing its competitive position.

B．For certain segments of the population of consumers, higher-priced brands of some product lines are preferred to the lower-priced brands.

C．Competing products often try to appeal to different segments of the population of consumers.

D．The competitive position of a product can be affected by such factors as advertising and brand loyalty.

E．(E) Consumers’ perceptions of the quality of a product are based on the actual quality of the product.