问题 问答题 简答题

简述马克思主义社会学与西方社会学关于社会变迁的理论以及二者之间的区别。

答案

参考答案:

西方社会学,包括社会进化理论、均衡理论、冲突理论和历史循环论。受历史唯心主义的影响。

马克思主义社会学,社会变迁是多种原因相互作用的结果。最根本的原因是社会生产力的发展。其他因素也影响和制约。

社会系统与外部环境之间存在物质、能量和信息交换,社会结构要素自我发展,导致社会稳定状态变化。社会变迁或多或少存在于社会运行和发展中。

把社会及其变迁作为一个具有整体性,有复杂相互作用和相互制约关系的系统来认识。

阅读理解

                                                                              A

Everywhere I go, people are speaking on their cell telephones regardless of their surroundings (环境) . This happens when people are walking around a lake or through town, or even driving. I have even seen a person attempting to speak on her cell phone while ordering ice cream at Dairy Queen, thus speaking to two people at once.

As the over-spending of technology increases, people begin to take less joy in the simple pleasures of life—joys that don’t cost money—from observing clouds, playing with children to thinking or reading. And it is not just telephones that take the responsibility; too much value is placed on items (物品) from computers to cars. Many things are purchased (购买) merely(仅仅) to show off. Do you really need a cell phone that plays games, shows movies and takes pictures? No, cell phones should be purchased to use in urgent situations.You do not need to use your telephone when you are at someone else’s house or in a restaurant.

Technology and possessions (财产) do not bring joy. While some technology is necessary, it can get ridiculous(可笑的). Each possession just makes us want more, while simple pleasures can be enjoyed now and then.

Instead of spending our time buying a third television or looking into the newest cell phone models, we should be acting more productively to improve the world by volunteering, for example. Or, we should reconsider playing computer games or taking pictures on our cell phones and read a book or imagine what shapes the clouds are in the sky instead.

小题1:The author mentions cell phones at the beginning just to show _________.

A.they can be used on any occasion.

B.people manage to speak to two at a time.

C.they can put drivers in great danger.

D.people are fond of personal items.小题2:People have less joy of simple life nowadays mainly because they _________.

A.focus on technology and their belongings.

B.use cell phones in less urgent situations.

C.buy private cars just to show off.

D.place too much value on computers.小题3:We can infer that ________.

A.people have no time to play with their children.

B.we can take pleasure in using cell phones at any time.

C.people always desire more possessions.

D.we depend on volunteers to develop the world.

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