问题 问答题 简答题

什么叫状态估计?其用途是什么?运行状态估计必须具备什么基础条件?

答案

参考答案:

SCADA系统采集的实时数据经过厂站端电缆、变送器、RTU、远动通道、通信配线架、远动电缆、前置机等诸多环节才到达主站系统,任何一个环节不正常都会影响到数据的正确性,在RTU死机或通信中断的情况下,还会出现死数据或坏数据。直接用这些实测数据进行电网实时分析计算,可信度是不高的。

电力系统的实时量测系统配置一般都有较大的冗余性,这种冗余性表现在以下的两个方面:

1、母线连接元件量测的冗余性

对连接有N个元件的母线,按照克希霍夫定律只要N-1个元件有量测,第N个元件的电气量即可根据母线平衡的原则算出。实际上往往全部N个元件都有量测,这样对每一母线都存在冗余度为1的冗余性。

2、母线状态量及注入电气量量测的冗余性

在母线状态量(电压幅值与相角)及注入量(有功功率、无功功率)四个电气量中,两个是独立的,两个是可导出的。如果量测量多于两个即具有冗余性。一般母线遥测量包括有母线电压幅值及由所连各元件有功、无功功率所形成的两个注入量,具有很大的冗余性,有的元件还有电流量的量测,则更增大了量测的冗余性。

电力系统状态估计就是利用实时量测系统的冗余性,应用估计算法来检测与剔除坏数据,提高数据精度及保持数据的前后一致性,为网络分析提供可信的实时潮流数据。

运用状态估计必须保证系统内部是可观测的,系统的量测要有一定的冗余度。在缺少量测的情况下作出的状态估计是不可用的。

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                                                                     The Quiet Hero
     It was Mother's Day, the day we celebrate everything mothers are and everything we do. But I'll   1   that
Sunday in 2007 was bittersweet for me. As a single mother I   2   to think of my shortcomings-how many
evenings I couldn't spend with my children, and how many things I couldn't   3   my waitress' salary to buy.
     But what   4   kids I had! My daughter Maria was a senior in college, and Denny was home visiting from his
freshman year a Harvard University. They were   5   impolite enough to complain, but here was os much more I   6   I had done for them. I just hoped they   7  .
     As I walked into the   8   quietly to start breakfast, I was greeted by a vase   9   a dozen red roses! When had
Denny possibly slipped down to leave them? But even their delicate beauty was overshadowed by the note sitting
beside them, in the quick, manly  10  of an eighteen-year-old. It was about a story that happened between Denny
and me long ago. It  11 :
     She took a day off from her busy  12  to take the boy to see his hero in the flesh at the stadium. It took 3.5
hours just to get there, and they had to be there early  13  he could see his hero take batting (击球) practice.  14 
 their arrival, she took her hard-earned money to buy an overpriced T-shirt on which was  15  his hero making
a diving catch. After the game, of course he had to  16  his hero's signature, so she stayed with the little boy 
 17  one in the morning…
     It took me long enough to  18  it, but I finally know who the  19  hero is. Mom, I love you!
     And suddenly, it was a  20  Mother's Day, after all.
( )1. A. admit       
( )2. A. intended    
( )3. A. stress      
( )4. A. poor        
( )5. A. merely      
( )6. A. wished      
( )7. A. supported   
( )8. A. living-room 
( )9. A. including    
( )10. A. handwriting    
( )11. A. wrote       
( )12. A. event       
( )13. A. or          
( )14. A. At          
(     )15. A. impressed   
( )16. A. buy         
( )17. A. before      
( )18. A. see         
( )19. A. actual      
( )20. A. sad         
B. adopt              
B. liked              
B. spare            
B. great              
B. usually            
B. hoped              
B. understood         
B. kitchen            
B. containing         
B. description      
B. recorded           
B. content            
B. for                
B. In                 
B. printed            
B. abandon            
B. until              
B. hear             
B. true               
B. bitter           
C. deny           
C. tended         
C. strengthen     
C. faithless      
C. never          
C. expected     
C. approved       
C. bedroom        
C. possessing     
C. tone           
C. memorized      
C. schedule       
C. but            
C. On             
C. presented      
C. get            
C. after          
C. realize        
C. imaginary      
C. happy        
D. refuse         
D. hesitated         
D. spend           
D. pretty         
D. often           
D. desired        
D. disgusted       
D. study            
D. pinning        
D. scratch          
D. read             
D. circumstance                   
D. so              
D. By               
D. pressed        
D. catch            
D. when             
D. tell            
D. visual         
D. exciting     
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