问题 问答题 简答题

开放性耻骨上膀胱造口的手术要点。

答案

参考答案:

开放性耻骨上膀胱造口:

(1)体位:仰卧位略头低脚高位,使腹内肠管移向头侧。

(2)切口:做耻骨上正中切口,长6~10cm,将腹直肌与锥状肌向两旁分开,直达膀胱前间隙。

(3)显露膀胱前壁:用纱布裹手指向上钝性分离腹膜前脂肪与腹膜反折,显露出有纵行血管的膀胱前壁。分离腹膜反折时,应避免分破,以防漏尿而污染腹腔。在膀胱空虚、挛缩、破裂时应防止将腹膜当作膀胱而误切入腹腔,一旦分破腹膜,应立即缝合。

(4)切开膀胱前壁:在膀胱前壁稍高位置的中线两旁,用两把组织钳夹住,提起膀胱壁,在两钳之间用注射器穿刺,抽吸出充盈膀胱的盐水后切开膀胱。做膀胱造瘘术时切开1~2cm,可容手指探查即可;其他手术可酌情扩大。溢出的灌洗液用吸引器吸尽。膀胱壁上的动脉止血,必须当即结扎出血,以免回缩再出血。

(5)探查膀胱:用手指伸入膀胱内探查,明确病变情况,如有可能,应同时将病变去除。

(6)缝合膀胱前壁:将气囊导尿管、伞状或蕈状导尿管置入膀胱切口内。分两层缝合膀胱壁。内层用2-0铬制肠线全层间断缝合(在无肠线的情况下,也可采用丝线间断缝合肌层,但不可穿过黏膜层,以免导致术后结石形成);外层再以4-0号丝线间断缝合。导管经腹壁切口的上角引出。

(7)引流、缝合:用等渗盐水冲洗伤口,在膀胱前间隙置一香烟引流,由腹壁切口的下角引出。逐层缝合腹直肌前鞘、皮下组织和皮肤。缝合腹直肌时可在膀胱颈部固定一针,以免膀胱挛缩。导尿管需用皮肤缝线环绕结扎固定,以免脱出。伞状或蕈状导尿管需自膀胱及腹壁切口高位引出,以防长期引流后膀胱挛缩。

阅读理解

India is the home of tigers. Every year many people are killed by tigers. The tiger, however, doesn’t always eat men. It likes wild animals better. It is only when the tiger is old enough or wounded (受伤的) that it eats men. But when it tastes the meat of men, it will go on killing men for food. When a man-eater like this is discovered (发现)people are very afraid. They have to stop working in the fields.

There are many ways to put an end to such dangerous animals. One way is that some men with long guns (枪) ride on elephants while other men drive the tiger towards them.

For a hunter another way is to sit in a tree near the place where a tiger has eaten somebody. If the tiger returns for another meal, the hunter will kill it in the hiding place. A goat may be tied to the tree for the tiger to kill.

The most dangerous way is to hunt a tiger on foot. But the man must be brave and can shoot well or he would be killed by the tiger.

小题1:Where is the home of tiger?

_________________________________________________________________

小题2:which does the tiger like better to eat, men or wild animals?

_________________________________________________________________

小题3:What will the tiger do when it tastes the meat of men?

_________________________________________________________________

小题4:Are there any ways to put an end to such dangerous animals?

_________________________________________________________________

小题5:What is the most dangerous way to hunt a tiger?

_________________________________________________________________

单项选择题 A1/A2型题