问题 问答题 简答题

简述历代中枢机构的变化。

答案

参考答案:

我国古代的中央官制,影响较大的是三公九卿制和三省六部制。

秦汉以前,我国还没有形成全国统一的官制。秦始皇统一全国后,设三公九卿,组成中枢机构。三公即丞相、太尉和御史大夫,是中央最高军政长官。九卿是中央行政机关的长官,即奉常、郎中令、卫尉、太仆、廷尉、典客、宗正、制粟内史、少府。九卿之中,廷尉、典客和制粟内史管的是政务,其余六卿管的是皇帝宫廷的事务。以九卿为主的各中央行政长官都各有属官。九卿之外,还有一些比较重要的中央行政长官,如中尉、将作少府等。

汉初沿袭秦制。武帝时废去太尉,改为大司马。西汉末年又把丞相改称大司徒,御史大夫改称大司空,与大司马合称“三公”(又称三司),都是宰相。汉代九卿中的名称也有变化。另外还有所谓加官,即本官之外另加的官职。大臣得到加官,就可以经常接近皇帝。

到东汉时,三公已无实权,尚书机构尚书台(即台阁)反而成为实际上的宰相府了。

魏文帝时,把权势过大的尚书台改为外围的执行机构,另设中书省,参掌中枢机密。南北朝时,又设门下省,对中书省加以限制。这样,就形成了皇朝中央尚书、中书、门下三省分职的制度,这又是隋唐时期中央官制的基础。

隋唐开始实行三省六部制。唐代三省首长的权力后来日渐削弱,徒具虚名。隋朝由原来的行政总负责机构——尚书省(或尚书台)分演出吏、民、礼、兵、刑、工六部(部下设司),属于尚书省。唐避太宗讳,改民部为户部。此后,作为中央行政机构的六部制一直沿袭到清代,基本未变。六部成立后,诸卿的职权逐渐变小,有的后来就裁撤了。

宋代中央由中枢和枢密院分掌文武二柄,号称二府。元代以尚书省、中书省为宰相府,以尚书令、左右丞相、平章政事为宰相。后废尚书省,归并于中书。明代废中书省,皇帝亲理国政,大学士逐渐成为实际上的宰相。清沿明制,到雍正时成立军机处,大学士就没有什么职权了。

完形填空
完形填空。
The Genesis(起源) of the Olympics
The Olympic Games are an international sports competition, in which   1   play in many different types of
games. Some athletes compete in the   2   Olympics. Some compete in the Summer Olympics. The
Olympic Games are very old and have a very interesting history.
     The first Olympic Games were held in   3   in ancient times(古代). They probably began in the sixth
century B.C. The contests were held every   4   years in the summer. The first games lasted for only one
day. There was only one contest. It was a short   5  . Only Greek men were allowed to run in the race. 
  6   women were allowed, and no non-Greeks were allowed to run in the race.   7   were not allowed
to watch the race, either, or to be anywhere near the racing area.  8   events were added later. One
event added later was swimming. But the ancient games were stopped in   9   century A.D.,  10  Greece
was ruled by Rome. Now, how much do you know about the genesis(起源) of the Olympics?
( ) 1. A. players
( ) 2. A. Winter
( ) 3. A. Greece
( ) 4. A. one  
( ) 5. A. contest
( ) 6. A. None
( ) 7. A. People
( ) 8. A. Other
( ) 9. A. the four
( ) 10. A. where
B. athletes
B. Spring
B. Rome
B. two
B. race
B. Neither           
B. Women
B. The other
B. four
B. which
C. sporter
C. Summer
C. Spain
C. three
C. game          
C. No                  
C. Children
C. The others
C. fourth
C. when
D. people          
D. Autumn          
D. France          
D. four            
D. sport           
D. Nor             
D. Adults          
D. Others          
D. the fourth      
D. before        
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