问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成小题。(16分)

鸿  雁

鸿雁在中国古代诗词中,作为审美对象,具有丰富的美学意蕴。

鸿雁是随阳之鸟,它虽然在季节和环境的渲染下带有“秋”的意象,但它与蟋蟑、鸣蝉等秋虫之美仍有所不同。听秋虫之浅吟低唱,不免产生物华将尽的寂寥之感,看鸿雁之布阵南征,则令人心胸开阔,精神振奋。“秋色萧条,秋容有红蓼;秋风拂地,万籁也寥寥。惟见宾鸿,冲入在秋空里,任逍遥”,便是对鸿雁这一美学特征的生动把握。鸿雁是健飞之乌,翅膀拍动时频率适中,沉雄有力,不似鹰鹞猛悍桀骜,也不似鹤鹭之轻灵飘忽,而是给人以坚忍强劲的审美感受。在风频雨骤的春日或霜寒月冷的秋夜,当鸿雁结阵翱翔,引吭嘹唳、雄姿勃勃地掠过长空时,人们的这种审美感受就更加明显、强烈。鸿雁迂徙时常汇集成数十只、上百只的大群,在天空中列队飞翔。“蜃楼百尺横沧海,雁字一行书绎霄”;“白犬吠风惊雁起,犹能一一旋成行。”鸿雁这种行序整齐的飞行特征,使中国古代文人们赞叹不已。鸿雁健飞,且性情机警,南征北返时,中途很少停歇,人们能看到竦峙树端的鹰、栖息房梁的燕、兀立江滩的鹤鹭,却很难看到静态的鸿雁。在中国古代诗词歌赋中,鸿雁大都以动态出现,鸿雁翔姿优美,亦刚亦柔,曹植的《洛神赋》中就有“翩若惊鸿,矫若游龙”之语。鸿雁南迁阵容非常壮观,在朔风凛冽、尘沙蔽日的秋冬之际,当一群群大雁雄姿勃勃地掠过长空时,亦能唤起古人雄浑悲壮的审美感受。这种感受对于边塞诗人来说,尤为强烈。“雁来惨淡沙场外,月出苍茫云海间。”借秋空雁阵渲染沙场征战的雄浑悲壮之貌。

在中国古代诗词中,托物寓慨与借景抒情是一个有机的统一体,两者不可截然分割,而对“雁”意象群的发据,即能较好的说明这一问题。在中国古代咏雁诗词中。既有侧重“言志”的诗词,也有侧重抒情的诗词,但数量最多的还是抒情与言志有机结合、互为渗透的诗词。中国美学中的“景中情”与“情中景”互相联系又各具特征。巧于诗者或“景中情”,或“情中景”;神于诗者则情不虚情,景非滞景,情景互生,妙合无垠。这三种审美移情层次在中国古代咏雁诗中均能找到例证。

小题1:下列古代咏雁诗(词),“侧重言志”的是  (    )(3分)

A.“残星数点雁横塞,长笛一声人倚楼”

B.“鸿志不汝较,奋翼起高飞”,“但当养羽翮,鸿举必有期”。

C.“碧云天,黄叶地,北雁南飞,晓来谁染霜林醉?总是离人泪”。

D.“塞下秋来风景异,衡阳雁去无留意,四面边声连。……浊酒一杯家万里,燕然未勒归无计。羌管悠悠霜满地,……”小题2:根据原文提供的信息,以下说法不正确的两项是(    )(   ) (5分)

A.在古代文学作品中,秋虫的审美基调一般表现为凄清低婉,鸿雁的审美基调则主要表现为辽阔高远。

B.中国占代对联常以“飞鸿”对“奔马”、“冥鸿”对“隐豹”、“摩天鸿”对“闹海蛟”,主要体现了古人的“亦刚亦柔”、“雄浑悲壮”的审美感受。

C.鸿雁列队飞翔时,“人”字形与“一”字形之间不断更替,动荡中呈现出鲜明的回旋往复之美。

D.情景互生,物我难辨,天人合一的艺术境界是中国古代诗词创作的最高美学境界,古人的咏雁诗不乏其例。E. 在中国古代咏雁诗词中。既有侧重“言志”的诗词,也有侧重抒情的诗词,但数量最多的还是托物言志的诗词。

小题3:文章最后一段中提到“这三种审美移情层次在中国古代咏雁诗中均能找到例证”,其中“三种审美移情层次”分别指的是什么?(4分)

小题4:鸿雁在我国古代诗歌中是一个独特的意象,请你结合文章谈谈在古代诗歌中鸿雁能给人们带来怎样的审美感受?(4分)

答案

小题1:B

小题1:BE

小题1:①景中情;②情中景;③情景互生。

小题1:①看鸿雁之布阵南征,则令人心胸开阔,精神振奋。②鸿雁是健飞之鸟给人以坚忍强劲的审美感受。③秋空雁阵能让人感受到沙场征战的雄浑悲壮。

小题1:A、C侧重抒情。D范仲淹的《渔家傲》一词,既有因秋临塞下雁去衡阳而引起诗人对岁月流逝的无穷感慨,又有因岁月流逝而坚定诗人建功立业、时不我待的报国信念。“雁”意象在此词中不再单纯是主体悲苦情感的抒发栽体,更为重要的是起着警钟长呜、催人奋进的积极作用。

小题1:B、 要体现的应该是“坚忍强劲”的审美感受。E、 应该是抒情与言志有机结合、互为渗透的诗词

小题1:结合关键句“巧于诗者或“景中情”,或“情中景”;神于诗者则情不虚情,景非滞景,情景互生,妙合无垠”总结概括。一个要点1分,三个全对得满分

小题1:本题考查“鉴赏作品的形象”考点,能力层次为E,侧重“鉴赏评价”能力的考查。“鸿雁”这一意象令人心胸开阔,精神振奋,给人以坚忍强劲、雄浑悲壮的审美感受一个要点1分,三个全对得满分

选择题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Scholars and researchers have tried to discover what personality characteristics go along with success in

intercultural experiences. Their findings have often been unclear or incomplete. But three characteristics stand

out in their reports: patience, a sense of humor, and the awareness of being unclear.

     Patience, of course, is the ability to keep calm even when things do not go as one wants them to, or hopes

they will, or has even been sure they will. Impatience sometimes brings improvements in relations with other

people, but usually it does not.

     A person with a sense of humor is less likely to take things too seriously and more ready to see the humor

in her own reactions than a humorless person. The value of a sense of humor really needs to be paid more

attention to.

     "The awareness of being unclear" is a more difficult concept than patience or a sense of humor. Foreigners

often find themselves in situations that are unclear to the newcomers. That is, they do not know what is

happening in the situation. Perhaps they do not understand the local language well enough, or they do not know

how some system or organization works, or they can't be sure of different people's roles in what is going on.

"It's like I just got here from the moon," a Chinese graduate student who newly arrived in the United States said,

"things are just so different here."

1. The passage mainly tells us _____. [ ]

A. that it's not easy to travel abroad

B. that humor is very important in communication

C. about some characteristics in dealing with foreigners

D. about three main ways useful for communicating with foreigners

2. According to the passage, what characteristic should be most focused on? [ ]

A. Patience

B. The awareness of being unclear

C. The sense of humor

D. Understanding each other.

3. "The awareness of being unclear" refers to _____.[ ]

A. knowing the meaning of an exact situation

B. not stating clearly what happens

C. realizing the possible misunderstanding in a situation

D. being aware of the unclear situation

4. According to the writer, the Chinese students is _____.

A. a hard-working student

B. recently back from the moon

C. interested in the study of moon

D. not used to the culture in America