问题 综合题

(28分)社会转型时期,思想界往往随之共振。根据材料及所学知识回答下列问题。

材料一: 《中华文化史》(冯天瑜等著)认为,中华传统文化在春秋战国时期表现为“以民本思潮和专制主义为两翼的百家争鸣的私学文化”……

材料二: 李贽的悲观不仅属于个人,也属于他所生活的时代。传统的政治已经凝固,类似宗教改革或者文艺复兴的新生命无法在这样的环境中孕育。社会环境把个人理智上的自由压缩在极小的限度之内,人的廉洁和诚信,也只能长为灌木,不能形成丛林。

——黄仁宇《万历十五年》

请回答:

(1)阅读材料一,列举春秋战国时期“私学文化”中“民本思潮”和服务于“专制主义”的表现(各两点), 并分析“私学文化”反映了该时期社会转型的哪些基本特征?(10分)

(2)结合所学知识,简述公元前5世纪至4世纪的地中海文明在政治和思想方面的主要成就。分析地中海文明不同于东方文明的根源。(8分)

(3)阅读材料二,简要概括李贽的思想与文艺复兴在“个人理智上的自由”方面有何相似之处? 结合所学知识,谈谈你对“李贽的悲观不仅属于个人,也属于他所生活的时代”的理解。(10分)

答案

(1)民本思潮:孔子“为政以德”,孟子“民贵君轻”,荀子“民水君舟”,墨子“兼爱非攻”等。(1个要点2分,2个要点3分)

专制主义:荀子提出治国要礼法并施;韩非子主张法、术、势相结合,建立君主专制中央集权国家。(1个要点2分,2个要点3分)

时代特征:铁犁牛耕的产生,推动生产力的发展,井田制瓦解,土地私有制的形成(或小农经济的发展);分封制遭到破坏,各国纷纷进行变法;学术下移,私学兴办,出现从“学在官府”到“学在民间”。(任何1个角度2分,总分4分;其他答案言之成理可酌情给分)

(2)主要成就:古希腊奴隶制民主政治高度发达;具有人文主义色彩的哲学思想大量涌现;罗马法体系完备,内容丰富,影响深远。(每个要点2分;如果只列举核心词,每一点1分。)

根源:古希腊古罗马发展工商业经济,海外贸易发达。(2分)

(3)相似之处:都提倡个性的自由发展,反对权威。(2分)

理解:专制皇权的高度强化阻碍了思想进步;八股取士、文字狱等文化思想政策;自然经济(小农经济)占主导地位阻碍了商品经济的发展和资本主义萌芽的发展;闭关锁国不利与对外交流发展。(每个要点2分,答出任意三点6分。)

李贽的思想未突破儒家思想体系,没有提出系统有效的改造方案,不能推动社会的转型,因此说“李贽的悲观不仅属于个人,也属于他所生活的时代。”(2分)

题目分析:(1)注意题干要求列举 “私学文化”中服务于“专制主义”的表现,孔子主张“仁”这和专制主义是相悖的,墨家主张“兼爱”“非攻”等,也不符合君主专制的要求,只有“法治”和专制主义相关联,联系史实,春秋战国时期荀子和韩非子主张“法治”。文化是政治经济的反映,“私学文化”的兴起说明随着经济的发展,生产力的进步,奴隶制政治制度随之瓦解,对文化教育的控制松弛,所以会使私学兴盛。回答此题要着眼于当时政治经济出现的重大变化。(2)此题主要是结合所学知识进行回答,公元前5世纪至4世纪的地中海文明在政治和思想方面的主要成就是古希腊奴隶制民主政治高度发达;具有人文主义色彩的哲学思想大量涌现;罗马法体系完备,内容丰富,影响深远。(3)回答此题首先要对李贽所处的时代和他的主要思想有一个全面准确的了解,他处于明清之际,即封建社会末期,他挑战权威、否定“天理”,追求个性自由,这与文艺复兴的追求个性自由相似。

问答题
阅读理解

People use their mouths for many things. They eat, talk, shout and sing. They smile and they kiss. In the English language, there are many expressions about the word“mouth”. But some of them are not so nice. For example, if you say bad things about a person, the person might protest and say “Do not bad mouth me.” Sometimes, people say something to a friend or family member that they later regret because it hurts that people’s feelings. Or they tell the person something they were not supposed to. The speaker might say: “I really put my foot in my mouth this time”. If this should happen, the speaker might feel down in the mouth, In other words, he might feel sad for saying the wrong thing.

Information is often spread through word of mouth. This is general communication between people, like friends talking to each other.” How did you hear about that new movie?” someone might ask,” Oh, by word of mouth.” A more official way of getting information is through a company or government mouthpiece. This is an official spokesperson. Government –run media could also be called a mouthpiece.

Sometimes when one person is speaking, he says the same thing that his friend was going to say. When this happens, the friend might say: “You took the words right out of my mouth!” Sometimes a person has a bad or unpleasant experience with another person. He might say that experience “left a bad taste in my mouth”. Or the person might have had a very frightening experience, like being chased by an angry dog. He might say : “ I had my heart in my mouth.”

小题1:The underlined words “ down in the mouth” in Paragraph One can be best replaced by _______.

A.ashamed

B.regretful

C.satisfied

D.excited小题2:Which could be used to describe one’s fear?

A.By word of mouth

B.Put one ‘s foot in one’s mouth

C.Take the words right out one’s mouth.

D.Have one’s heart in one’s mouth.小题3:The second paragraph of the passage mainly tells us _____.

A.the meaning of two expressions

B.information from folk communication

C.information from official-run media

D.two different ways to get information小题4:The author writes the passage in order to _____.

A.introduce some expressions

B.enjoy learning English

C.learn about English culture

D.use words correctly