问题 单项选择题

某高校管理信息系统的数据库设计过程中, (21) 阶段是在需求分析的基础上,对用户信息加以分类、聚集和概括,建立信息模型,并依照选定的数据库管理系统软件,转换成为数据的 (22) ,再依照软硬件环境,最终实现数据的合理存储。

A.物理模式

B.逻辑模式

C.内模式

D.概念模式

答案

参考答案:B

解析:

[分析]: 通常将数据库设计分为需求分析、概念结构设计、逻辑结构设计和数据库物理设计4个阶段。
需求分析是指收集和分析用户对系统的信息需求和处理需求,得到设计系统所必需的需求信息,建立系统说明文档。其目标是通过调查研究,了解用户的数据要求和处理要求,并按一定格式整理形成需求说明书。
概念结构设计阶段的目标是对需求说明书提供的所有数据和处理要求进行抽象与综合处理,按一定的方法构造反映用户环境的数据及其相互联系的概念模型,即用户的数据模型或企业数据模型。这种概念数据模型与DBMS无关,是面向现实世界的、极易为用户所理解的数据模型。为保证所设计的概念数据模型能正确、完全地反映用户的数据及其相互关系,便于进行所要求的各种处理,在本阶段设计中可吸收用户参与和评议设计。在进行概念结构设计时,可先设计各个应用的视图,即各个应用所看到的数据及其结构,然后再进行视图集成,以形成一个单一的概念数据模型。这样形成的初步数据模型还要经过数据库设计者和用户的审查与修改,最后形成所需的概念数据模型。
逻辑结构设计阶段的设计目标是把上一阶段得到的与DBMS无关的概念数据模型转换成等价的,并为某个特定的DBMS所接受的逻辑模型所表示的概念模式,同时将概念设计阶段得到的应用视图转换成外部模式,即特定DBMS下的应用视图。在转换过程中要进一步落实需求说明,并满足DBMS的各种限制。该阶段的结果是用DBMS所提供的数据定义语言(DDL)写成的数据模式。逻辑设计的具体方法与DBMS的逻辑数据模型有关。逻辑模型应满足数据库存取一致性及运行等各方面的用户需求。
物理设计阶段的任务是把逻辑设计阶段得到的满足用户需求的已确定的逻辑模型在物理上加以实现,其主要的内容是根据DBMS提供的各种手段,设计数据的存储形式和存取路径,如文件结构、索引的设计等,即设计数据库的内模式或存储模式。数据库的内模式对数据库的性能影响很大,应根据处理需求及DBMS、操作系统和硬件的性能进行精心设计。

材料分析题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     My goddaughter, Shari, owns The Berry Factory in Sacramento, California, and her mother, Joan,

and I were helping with the Valentine's Day rush of 2011. We'd been preparing hundreds of berries,

arranged gift baskets and packaged orders to be shipped around the country.

     By the end of the day and I were exhausted. Shari didn't seem tired. That was what Shari liked doing

especially when she gave someone else something. I'd seen her give away berries to everybody-parking

attendants, mail carriers, hairdressers. "For me?" they'd say, breaking into a smile.

     As a "thank you", Shari took us out for dinner. But there was a 45-munite wait at her favorite

restaurant. "No big deal. There's another place just up the road," she said, driving us there. This time we

walked right in. While the waitress took our drink orders Shari reached into her handbag, pulling

something out.

     "I want you to have these," she said, handing the waitress a box of chocolate-dipped strawberries.

     "Will she love those berries!"I said to myself. But the waitress seemed extremely surprised. She hardly

let out a "Thank you" before grabbing the box and rushing into the kitchen.

     A few minutes later, the waitress returned with our iced tea. " I apologize," she said. " It's just …my

best friend and I made an agreement to send each other something every Valentine's Day. But she passed

last year. I didn't know how I'd get through this day without her. Then you handed me that box."

     "I'm so sorry to hear that," said Shari. " It's not much, but I hope you can enjoy them."

     "Oh, I will," the waitress said. " See, every year we always sent each other the same thing: a box of

chocolate-dipped strawberries bought from our favorite store, The Berry Factory.

1. The first paragraph is mainly about _____.

A. something about Shari's job

B. something about The Berry Factory

C. how they celebrated Valentine's Day

D. what they did on Valentine's Day

2. Why did the waitress apologize to Shari?

A. Because she had a bad service to Shari

B. Because she didn't express her thanks to Shari

C. Because she didn't pay for the strawberries

D. Because she didn't take Shari's drink order

3. What do we know about the waitress?

A. She was unhappy with Shari's gift

B. She was a new customer at Shari's store

C. She would be very depressed without Shari's gift

D. She was reminded of her dead friend by Shari's gift

4. What's the right order of the following events?

a. The author, Joan and Shari arranged gift baskets.

b. The waitress' friend sent her a box of chocolate-dipped strawberries.

c. The author, Joan and Shari went to a restaurant up the road.

d. Shari gave the waitress a box of strawberries.

A. a, b, d, c

B. a, c, d, b

C. b,d,a,c

D. b,a,c,d

5. Which of the following words can be used to describe Shari?

A. Kind and generous

B. Humorous and intelligent

C. Energetic but careless

D. Hard-working but selfish