问题 选择题

(3分)在下列关于气体的描述正确的是         (   )

A.物体的温度越高,分子热运动越剧烈,分子平均动能越大

B.布朗运动就是液体分子的热运动

C.对一定质量的气体加热,其内能一定增加

D.分子间的引力和斥力同时存在

答案

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布朗运动就是固体颗粒的热运动,B错;改变内能的两种形式有做功和热传递,C错;

问答题

某公路工程项目,建设单位通过招标与A施工单位签订了施工承包合同。建设单位又委托甲监理单位实施施工阶段的监理工作,并签订委托监理合同。

1.在签订的监理合同中有如下内容:

(1)监理单位是本工程的最高管理者;

(2)监理单位应维护建设单位的利益;

(3)建设单位与监理单位实行合作监理,即建设单位具有监理工程师资格的人参与监理工作;

(4)建设单位参与监理的人员同时作为建设单位的代表,负责与监理单位的联系;

(5)上述建设单位代表可以向施工单位下达指令;

(6)监理单位负责进行质量控制,而进度与投资控制则由建设单位负责;

(7)由于监理单位的努力,使合同工期提前的,监理单位与建设单位分享利润。

2.建设单位与施工单位签订的施工合同中有如下内容:

(1)施工单位应依据委托监理合同接受监理;

(2)施工单位通过努力使工期提前的,按照提前工期获得的利润的一定比例提成;

(3)该工程所使用的钢筋和水泥由建设单位供应。

3.监理合同签订前,监理单位编制了该项目的监理规划,要点如下:

(1)设计阶段监理控制目标及措施;

(2)设计方案的评审;

(3)施工图纸的审核;

(4)协助建设单位编制招标文件;

(5)协助建设单位组织工程招标;

(6)编制施工进度计划;

(7)审核工程概算;

(8)审核施工图预算,并与概算进行比较。

试问:1.施工监理合同中有何不妥之处为什么

2.施工合同中有何不妥之处为什么

3.监理规划中有何不妥之处为什么

单项选择题

On New Year’s Day, 50,000 inmates in Kenyan jails went without lunch. This was not some mass hunger strike to highlight poor living conditions. It was an extraordinary humanitarian gesture: the money that would have been spent on their lunches went to the charity Food Aid to help feed an estimated 3.5 million Kenyans who, because of a severe drought, are threatened with starvation.
The drought is big news in Africa, affecting huge areas of east Africa and the Horn. If you are reading this in the west, however, you may not be aware of it—the media is not interested in old stories. Even if you do know about the drought, you may not be aware that it is devastating one group of people disproportionately: the pastoralists. There are 20 million nomadic or semi-nomadic herders in this region, and they are fast becoming some of the poorest people in the continent. Their plight encapsulates Africa’s perennial problem with drought and famine.
How so It comes down to the reluctance of governments, aid agencies and foreign lenders to support the herders’ traditional way of life. Instead they have tended to try to turn them into commercial ranchers or agriculturalists, even though it has been demonstrated time and again that pastoralists are well adapted to their harsh environments, and that moving livestock according to the seasons or climatic changes makes their methods far more viable than agriculture in sub-Saharan dry-lands.
Furthermore, African pastoralist systems are often more productive, in terms of protein and cash per hectare, than Australian, American and other African ranches in similar climatic conditions. They make a substantial contribution to their countries’ national economies. In Kenya, for example, the turnover of the pastoralist sector is worth $800 million per year. In countries such as Burkina Faso, Eritrea and Ethiopia, hides from pastoralists’ herds make up over 10 per cent of export earnings. Despite this productivity, pastoralists still starve and their animals perish when drought hits. One reason is that only a trickle of the profits goes to the herders themselves; the lion’s share is pocketed by traders. This is partly because the herders only sell much of their stock during times of drought and famine, when they need the cash to buy food, and the terms of trade in this situation never work in their favour. Another reason is the lack of investment in herding areas.
Funding bodies such as the World Bank and USAID tried to address some of the problems in the 1960s, investing millions of dollars in commercial beef and dairy production. It didn’t work. Firstly, no one bothered to consult the pastoralists about what they wanted. Secondly, rearing livestock took precedence over human progress. The policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. They were based on two false assumptions, that pastoralism is primitive and inefficient, which led to numerous failed schemes aimed at converting herders to modern ranching models; and that Africa’s dry-lands can support commercial ranching. They cannot. Most of Africa’s herders live in areas with unpredictable weather systems that are totally unsuited to commercial ranching.
What the pastoralists need is support for their traditional lifestyle. Over the past few years, founders and policy-makers have been starting to get the message. One example is intervention by governments to ensure that pastoralists get fair prices for their cattle when they sell them in times of drought, so that they can afford to buy fodder for their remaining livestock and cereals to keep themselves and their families alive (the problem in African famines is not so much a lack of food as a lack of money to buy it). Another example is a drought early-warning system run by the Kenyan government and the World Bank that has helped avert livestock deaths. This is all promising, but more needs to be done. Some African governments still favour forcing pastoralists to settle. They should heed the latest scientific research demonstrating the productivity of traditional cattle-herding. Ultimately, sustainable rural development in pastoralist areas will depend on increasing trade, so one thing going for them is the growing demand for livestock products, there will likely be an additional 2 billion consumers worldwide by 2020, the vast majority in developing countries. To ensure that pastoralists benefit, it will be crucial to give them a greater say in local policies. Other key tasks include giving a greater say to women, who play critical roles in livestock production. The rich world should pay proper attention to the plight of the pastoralists. Leaving them dependent on foreign food aid is unsustainable and will lead to more resentment, conflict, environmental degradation and malnutrition. It is in the rich world’s interests to help out.

When the author writes "the policies and strategies of international development agencies more or less mirrored the thinking of their colonial predecessors. " (para. 5), he implies all of the following EXCEPT that the aid agencies did not ______.

A.have an objective view of the situation in Africa

B.understand the unpredictable weather systems there

C.feel themselves superior in decision making

D.care about the development of the local people