问题 单项选择题

(刑法的溯及力:从旧兼从轻,但,跨法犯罪如带连续、继续性的在均认为犯罪的情况下从新)甲某在担任某国有公司业务员期间,负责向各批发零售商发货。多次自97年1月至98年6月间,多次收到货款后不上交公司,共计20余万元,用于注册了一家私人公司。公司从帐目上发现应收货款与实收货款不一致,追问货款去向时,甲某交待了将多笔货款用于注册公司的事实。

A、对该案应当适用97年10月1日起生效的刑法典,认定为挪用公款罪

B、对该案应当适用95年生效的《关于惩治违反公司法的决定》认定为挪用资金罪

C、对该案应当适用97年10月1日起生效的刑法典,认定为贪污罪

D、对该案应当适用95年生效的《关于惩治违反公司法的决定》认定为侵占罪

答案

参考答案:A

解析:

时间效力的一般规则是从旧兼从轻。其中特别注意跨法的犯罪,所谓“跨法”是指犯罪行为由97年9月30日以前发生连续或者持续到97年9月30日以后。最典型的是綦江彩虹桥垮踏案,桥是97年9月30日前建立起来的,玩忽职守、渎职行为已经发生了,但桥的垮踏发生在刑法生效以后,结果适用的是新法,新法处理玩忽职守、渎职比旧法重许多许多。最高检有个司法解释说,跨法的犯罪行为,如果新旧法都认为是犯罪的适用新法,即使新法处罚为重也不例外。

在案例中发现时间的要注意四个问题,即追诉时效、责任年龄、累犯、刑法的溯及力。这个案件涉及到两个问题,即行为性质的认定(是挪用还是贪污侵占,区别的要点在于是否以非法占有为目的。实践中很常见,截留货款,不交,但账是销不掉的,对账能够查出来,因此,对于这种情况原则上认为账是挂在那儿的,所以性质认为是挪用。还有个麻烦的问题是是属于挪用公款还是挪用资金,这个直接涉及到法律适用问题,按照新刑法,不论是贪污还是挪用主体的范围相当广,包括国有公司从事公务的人员,比如说某国有公司的业务员向各批发零售商发货收取货款这种人也认为属于依法从事公务的人员,算作贪污或挪用的主体,所以适用新法定性为挪用。如果适用旧法,大家可能知道。

94年《关于惩治违反公司法的决定》规定职务侵占和挪用资金罪,公司、企业(不论公司、企业的性质)中的人,只要不具有干部的身份一律定为挪用资金罪或者职务侵占罪而不能定为贪污罪和挪用公款罪,因此涉及对这样一个业务员,按照旧法仅属于挪用资金罪的主体不属于挪用公款的主体,应定挪用资金罪,如果按照新法,业务员属于挪用公款罪的主体,应定挪用公款罪。在这里新旧法的规定有冲突,如何适用按照一般规则是从旧兼从轻,应适用旧法,定挪用资金罪,这样定一般来说是没有错的。

但更为复杂的是它是跨法犯罪,因为他从97年1月到98年6月连续多次,最后累计20多万,注册了一个公司,显而易见因为带有连续性的特点,这就涉及最高检的批复,行为具有连续或继续性的跨法犯罪,如果新旧法都认为是犯罪(只不过是挪用资金罪还是挪用公款罪的区别),适用新法,即使新法处罚较重也不例外(挪用公款罪比挪用资金罪的处罚当然重)。

因此,本题的正确答案是A.这似乎与从旧兼从轻相矛盾,不过这是司法具体适用问题,不能将多次犯罪一分为二,前3次定挪用资金罪,后3次定挪用公款罪,非常麻烦,因此,司法上对从旧兼从轻作了一些变通。这一类的情况还适用于走私、贩卖毒品、假币罪,今天卖一点,明天卖一点,带有持续性。对于持续或继续性的跨法犯罪,只要新旧法都认为是犯罪的,适用新法,但注意毕竟适用法律对被告人不利,司法上的解释是可以从轻或者减轻处罚的,因此在量刑是酌情给予宽大,这样既方便了司法操作又照顾到了从旧兼从轻的原则,避免事后法加重被告的责任。

单项选择题
单项选择题

In order to understand, however imperfectly, what is meant by "face", we must take (1) of the fact that, as a race, the Chinese have a ply (2) instinct. The theatre may almost be said to be the only national amusement, and the Chinese have for theatricals a (3) like that of the Englishman (4) athletics, or the Spaniard for bull-fights. Upon very slight provocation, any Chinese regards himself in the (5) of an actor in a drama. He throws himself into theatrical attitudes, performs the salaam, falls upon his knees, prostrates himself and strikes his head upon the earth, (6) circumstances which to an Occidental seem to make such actions superfluous, (7) to say ridiculous. A Chinese thinks in theatrical terms. When roused in self-defense he addresses two or three persons as if they were a multitude. He exclaims: "I say this in the presence of You, and You, and You, who are all here present. " If his troubles are adjusted he (8) of himself as having "got off the stage" with credit, and if they are not adjusted he finds no way to "retire from the stage". All this, (9) it clearly understood, has nothing to do with realities. The question is never of facts, but always of (10) . If a fine speech has been (11) at the proper time and in the proper way, the requirement of the play is met. We are not to go behind the scenes, for that would (12) all the plays in the world. Properly to execute acts like these in all the complex relations of life, is to have "face". To fail them, to ignore them, to be thwarted in the performance of them, this is to " (13) face". Once rightly apprehended, "face" will be found to be in itself a (14) to the combination lock of many of the most important characteristics of the Chinese.

It should be added that the principles which regulate "face" and its attainment are often wholly (15) the intellectual apprehension of the Occidental, who is constantly forgetting the theatrical element, and wandering (16) into the irrelevant regions of fact. To him it often seems that Chinese "face" is not unlike the South Sea Island taboo, a force of undeniable potency, but capricious, and not reducible to rule, deserving only to be abolished and replaced by common sense. At this point Chinese and Occidentals must agree to (17) , for they can never be brought to view the same things in the same light. In the adjustment of the incessant quarrels which distract every hamlet, it is necessary for the "peace-talkers" to take a careful account of the (18) of "face" as European statesmen once did of the balance of power. The object in such cases is not the execution of even-handed justice, which, even if theoretically desirable, seldom (19) to an Oriental as a possibility, but such an arrangement as will distribute to all concerned "face" in due proportions. The same principle often applies in the settlement of lawsuits, a very large percentage of which end in what may be called a (20) game.

8()

A.speaks

B.argues

C.communicates

D.jokes