问题 问答题 论述题

试述建筑物裂缝形成的原因有哪些。

答案

参考答案:

建筑物裂缝形成的主要有以下几方面的原因:

(1)设计方面的原因。

①由于设计考虑不周,如断面过了单薄、孔洞面积所占比例过大或钢筋布置不当等,致使结构强度不足,建筑物抗裂性能降低。

②分缝分块不当,块长或分缝间距过大、错缝分块时搭接长度不够。

③温度控制不当,造成温差过大,使温度应力超过允许值。

④基础处理不妥,引起基础不均匀沉陷或扬压力增大而使建筑物发生裂缝。

⑤设计不当或模型试验不符合实际情况,泄水时水流引起建筑物振动开裂。

(2)施工方面的原因。

①混凝土养护不当,使混凝土水分消失过快而引起干缩。

②基础处理、分缝分块、温度控制或配筋等未按设计要求施工。

③在浇筑混凝土时,由于施工质量控制不严,使混凝土的均匀性、密实性和抗裂性差。

④模板强度不晚或扳捣不慎,使模板发生变形或位移。

⑤施工安排不当,如上下层混凝土间歇期不够或太长,以及拆模过早等。

⑥施工缝处理不当或出现冷缝时未按工作缝要求进行处理。

⑦混凝土凝结过程中,在外界温度骤降时,没有做好保温措施,使混凝土表而剧烈收缩。

⑧使用了收缩性较大的水泥;或含碱量大于6/1000的水泥,并掺用有碱性反应的骨料;或者是含有大量碳酸氢离子的水,使混凝土产生过度收缩或膨胀。

(3)运用管理方面的原因。

①建筑物的运用没有按规定执行,在超设计荷载下使用,使建筑物承受的应力大于容许应力。

②维护不善,或者冰冻期间未做好防护措施等而引起裂缝。

(4)其他方面的原因。

①由于地震、爆破、冰凌、台风和超标准洪水等引起建筑物的振动作用而发生裂绝。

②含有碳酸气(或亚硫酸气)的空气或含有大量碳酸氢离于的水,侵蚀作用,产生碳酸盐类,固收缩而引起裂缝。

③由于尚未硬化的混凝土的沉降收缩作用而引起裂缝。

解答题
阅读理解

It is six o’clock in the morning. You are asleep in my left arm and I am learning the art of one-handed typing. Your mother, more tired yet more happy than I’ve ever known her, is sound asleep in the room next door.

When you’re older we’ll tell you that you were born in Hong Kong in the lunar year of the pig. “It's a boy, so lucky,” our neighbours told us. They said you were the first baby to be born in the block this year. This, they told us, was good Feng Shui, in other words, a positive sign. Naturally your mother and I were only too happy to believe that.

Your coming has turned me upside down and inside out. I am pained by the memory of each suffering child I have come across on my journeys as a journalist. To tell you the truth, it’s nearly too much for me to even think of the children being hurt and abused and killed.

Last October, in Afghanistan, when you were growing inside your mother, I met Sharja, aged twelve, motherless, fatherless, guiding me through the grey ruins of her home. Everything was gone, she told me.

There is another memory of Rwanda, and the churchyard where I found a mother and her three young children huddled(蜷缩) together where they’d been beaten to death. The children had died holding on to their mother.

Daniel, these memories explain some of the protectiveness I feel for you, and the occasional moments of blind terror when I imagine anything bad happening to you.

小题1:We can see that this text is written to ________.

A.the author’s wife

B.the author’s neighbour

C.Daniel

D.a suffering child小题2:The author mentions some of his painful memories because ________.

A.he wants his son to care for others

B.he feels more pain thinking about them as a father

C.he hopes to forget the tragedies he witnessed

D.his experience has affected his mental health小题3:The underlined word “blind” in the last paragraph means ________.

A.unable to see

B.meaningful

C.not clear

D.not based on reason小题4:Which of the following words best describes the author’s feeling when typing this text?

A.Relieved.

B.Regretful.

C.Loving.

D.Calm.