问题 问答题 论述题

明朝前期加强君主专制统治的措施和影响。

答案

参考答案:

(1)行政机构方面,明太祖为加强对地方控制,废行省,设三司(承宣布政使司、提刑按察使司、都指挥使司),分管地方行政、司法、和军政。三司长官互不统属,直接对皇帝负责。在中央,明太祖借口胡惟庸案,撤销中书省和丞相,把相权分给六部,还设殿阁大学士,备皇帝顾问,影响:丞相的废除意味着皇权的进一步加强。从体制上保证了君主的绝对权威;明成祖时,形成内阁制度,中央和地方的 * * 完全由皇帝控制。

(2)军事机构方面,在中央,明太祖设五军都督府,与兵部共管兵权,相互牵制。明太祖又创立了卫所制度,各卫、所分属于各省的都指挥使,统由中央五军都督府管辖。影响:使兵部、都督府和卫所总兵将官都不能专军权,军权集中在皇帝手里。

(3)监察机构方面,明太祖改御史台为都察院,作为中央监察机关。都察院与中央司法机关大理寺、刑部合称“三法司”。“三法司”不能决断的案件,由皇帝裁决。为了监视官吏和 * * 人民反抗,明太祖设立锦衣卫,明成祖时设立“东厂”,明朝中期又设立“西厂”,锦衣卫、东厂、西厂都是特务机构,合称“厂卫”,明朝还有一种叫“廷杖”的刑罚,即皇帝在殿廷杖责官员。影响:使国家司法权集中在皇帝手里,厂卫机构的设立是明朝君主专制空前加强的表现。

(4)在科举考试方面,明政府规定只准在四书、五经内命题,应考者不许发挥独立见解,文体为“八股文”。影响:八股取士束缚了知识分子的思想,加强了封建君主专制。

(5)赋役制度。为了加强对人民的控制和保证赋役来源,明太祖清查户口,丈量土地,编制了“黄册”和“鱼鳞图册”。黄册是户口清册;鱼鳞图册是耕地清册。明政府根据黄册和鱼鳞图册,把人民束缚在土地上,进行赋役剥削。

选择题
阅读理解

The young boy saw me, or rather, he saw the car and quickly ran up to me, eager to sell his Hunches (串) of bananas and bags of peanuts.Though he appeared to be about twelve, he seemed to have already known the bitterness of life.“Banana 300 naira.Peanuts 200 naira.” He said in a low voice.I bargained him down to 200 total for the fruit and nuts.When he agreed, I handed him a 500 naira bill.He didn’t have change, so I told him not to worry.He said thanks and smiled a row of perfect teeth.

When, two weeks later, I saw the boy again, I was more aware of my position in a society where it’s not that uncommon to see a little boy who should be in school standing on the corner selling fruit in the burning sun.My parents had raised me to be aware of the advantage we had been afforded and the responsibility it brought to us. I pulled over and rolled down my window.He had a bunch of bananas and a bag of peanuts ready.I waved them away.“What’s up?” I asked him.“I … I don’t have money to buy books for school.” I reached into my pocket and handed him two fresh 500 naira bills.

“Will this help?” I asked.He looked around nervously before taking the money.One thousand naira was a lot of money to someone whose family probably made about 5,000 naira or less each year.

“Thank you, sir,” he said.“Thank you very much!”

When driving home, I wondered if my little friend actually used the money for schoolbooks.

What  if he’s a swindler (骗子)? And then I wondered why I did it.Did I do it to make myself feel better? Was I using him? Later, I realized that I didn’t know his name or the least bit about him, nor did I think to ask.

Over the next six months, I was busy working in a news agency in northern Nigeria. Sometime after I returned, I went out for a drive.When I was about to pull over, the boy suddenly appeared by my window with a big smile ready on his face. “Oh, gosh! Long time.”  “Are you in school now?” I asked. He nodded. “That’s good,” I said.A silence fell as we looked at each other, and then I realized what he wanted.“Here,” I held out a 500 naira bill.“Take this.” He shook his head and stepped back as if hurt.“What’s wrong?” I asked.“It’s a gift.” He shook his head again and brought his hand from behind his back.His face shone with sweat.He dropped a bunch of bananas and a bag of peanuts in the front seat before he said, “I’ve been waiting to give these to you.”

小题1:What was the author’s first impression of the boy?

A.He seemed to be poor and greedy.

B.He seemed to have suffered a lot.

C.He seemed younger than his age

D.He seemed good at bargaining.小题2:The second time the author met the boy, the boy _____.

A.told him his purpose of selling fruit and nuts

B.wanted to express his thanks

C.asked him for money for his schoolbooks

D.tried to take advantage of him小题3:Why did the author give his money to the boy?

A.Because he had enough money to do that.

B.Because he had learnt to help others since childhood.

C.Because he held a higher position in the society.

D.Because he had been asked by the news agency to do so.小题4:Which of the following best describes the boy?

A.Brave and polite.

B.Kind and smart.

C.Honest and thankful.

D.Shy and nervous.