Directions: Read the following passage. Answer the questions according to the information given in the

passage and the required words limit. Write your answers on your answer sheet.

     Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart (购物手推车).

They will, in a lifetime, push the chrome-plated contraptions many miles. But few will know-or even think

to ask-who it was that invented them.

     Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business.

Every day he would see shoppers lugging (吃力地携带) groceries around in baskets they had to carry.

     One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make

shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.

     On June 4, 1937, Goldman's first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the

morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn't wait to see them using his invention.

     But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give

them a try.

     After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren't using his carts. "Don't you think this

arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket?" one shopper replied.

     But Goldman wasn't beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade

people to give them a try. To end this, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and

pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony (假冒的) customers. 

     As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his

market. But not only did more people come-those who came bought more. With larger, easier-to-handle

baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.

     Today's shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman's original model. Perhaps that's one reason

Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937-before

the coming of the shopping cart.

1. What do the underlined words "chrome-plate contraptions" in Paragraph 1 refer to? (no more than 3 words)

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2. What was the purpose of Goldman's invention? (no more than 8 words) 

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3. Why was Goldman disappointed at first? (no more than 6 words) 

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4. Why did Goldman hire people to push carts around his market? (no more than 10 words) 

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