问题 实验题

在用单摆测定重力加速度的实验中

(1)①实验时对摆线偏离竖直线的最大摆角θ的要求是      ;实验中计时起点选在

          (选填“平衡位置”或“最高点”)

②用游标卡尺测摆球直径时测量结果如图所示,摆球直径为d=__________cm,某次实验中停表测量单摆摆动50次全振动的示数如图所示,则停表读数t=___________s.

③测得摆线长为97.54 cm

④由此可以得出当地的重力加速度g=______ m/s2.(取π2≈10,结果保留3位有效数字)

⑤上述过程中若测得的g值偏小,可能的原因是__________

A.测摆线长时摆线拉得过紧

B.摆线上端未牢固地系于悬点,振动中出现了松动,使摆线长度增加了

C.开始计时时,秒表提前按下

D.实验中误将49次全振动数为50次(2)某同学测出不同摆长时对应的周期T,作出T2~L图线,如图所示,再利用图线上任两点AB的坐标(x1y1)、(x2y2),可求得g=             ;若该同学测摆长时漏加了小球半径,而其它测量、计算均无误,则用上述方法算得的g值和真实值相比是       的(选填“偏大”、“偏小”或“不变”).

答案

(1)①θ<50,平衡位置 ②1.52, 99.8 ④9.87   ⑤B

(2),不变

题目分析:(1)①实验时利用单摆的周期公式测重力加速度,单摆的周期公式只有在摆线偏离竖直线的最大摆角θ<50才成立;实验中摆球通过平衡位置时速度最大,计时起点选在平衡位置误差小;

②由图示游标卡尺可知,游标卡尺主尺示数是1.5cm,游标尺示数是

2×0.1mm=0.2mm=0.02cm,游标卡尺示数是1.5cm+0.02cm=1.52cm;由秒表读出时间t=99.8s,则单摆的周期为

④单摆的周期公式,得到

⑤若测得的g值偏小,可能的原因是:由此分析g值偏小的原因,可能是摆长偏短或周期偏长。

A、测摆长时将线拉得过紧导致测量值偏长,由公式知,g值偏大,故A错误;B、摆线上端未牢固地系于悬点,摆动中出现松动,使摆线长度增加,但运算时选用开始所测得值,将导致g值偏小,故B正确;

C、开始计时时,秒表提前按下,将使所测周期偏大,由上式可知,g值偏小,故C正确;

D、实验中将49次全振动误数为50次,由知,周期偏小,g值偏大,故D错误。(2)由周期公式,可得代入数据可得

.通过上面的结论可以知道,漏加了小球半径后(y2-y1)不变,故不影响最后结果,用上述方法算得的g值和真实值相比是不变的。

点评:解决本题的关键掌握单摆的周期公式及其变形式,以及知道测量时形成误差的原因。

完形填空
阅读短文,掌握其大意,然后从A、B、C三个选项中,选出一个最佳选项。
       One day when Jamie came home after school, his mother had worry on her face. He knew she was
thinking of _1_. "It's bad out there. Black clouds are coming from the sea." Jamie said.
       "Yes, I'm thinking of those fishing boats at sea." She said.
       At that moment, _2_ went out. Jamie and his mother were in the dark.
       "The coast line (海岸线) will be in the dark." Jamie's mother said. She got more _3_. "Questions
always come in threes. I broke my best glasses this morning, and my sister had cold."
       "Now, don't worry, mum. They're _4_ to come through this at night."
       But Jamie really worried about those fishing boats himself. The fishing boats would _5_ the cove (海湾) in the dark.
       Jamie took flares (火焰信号弹) and rushed into the wind. There was a cliff by the sea. He started to
climb. He _6_ himself up hand over hand. At last he reached the top.
       He _7_ three times. On the fourth try he fried out one of the flares. It rosined cut into the black sky in
bright light. Then he saw an answering flare up at sea. Jamie fired off two more.
       He saw another answering flare up, then another, then another. The answering flares from the fishing
boats showed them _8_ the entrance to the cove but then changed course and were _9   sailing into the
cove. They were almost home.
       Jamie helped _10_ the fish men of the village.
( )1. A. the wind
( )2. A. Jamie
( )3. A. unhappy
( )4. A. sure
( )5. A. lose
( )6. A. pushed
( )7. A. made
( )8. A. were at
( )9. A. now
( )10. A. answered
B. the clouds
B. the fire
B. worrying
B. lucky
B. miss
B. pulled
B. tried
B. had found
B. then
B. save
C. the weather    
C. the lights      
C. worried          
C. safe            
C. leave            
C. carried          
C. failed          
C. had passed by    
C. again            
C. find out        
单项选择题