问题 阅读理解与欣赏
阅读下面的文章,完成下面题目。(13分)
从“尺素书”到“伊妹儿”
①“客从远方来,遗我双鲤鱼;呼儿烹鲤鱼,中有尺素书。”客人从远方带来的鲤鱼,腹中竟然藏着一封绢写的家书,这给自己带来多大的惊喜啊。在古代,人们习惯把以锦帛为材料的书信装在鲤鱼形状的函套内,这就是古诗里常用“双鲤”来代替书信,即所谓的“尺素书”的由来。
②据考证,在文字发明之前,人类曾经用实物作为传达信息的工具,这就是“实物信”。在远古的中国,所谓“上古结绳而治”,就是利用绳结来传达信息,“事大,大结其绳;事小,小结其绳”。后来有了文字,书写材料又得到了改进,人们发明了木牍、竹简。他们在特制的木片和竹片上刻写文字,用来记事与交流,其中用作传达信息与情感的便是木牍书、竹简书,统称为“尺牍书”。“尺牍书”和后来出现的“尺素书”都是我国早期通信的主要方式。
③然而“尺牍书”很笨重。西汉东方朔给汉武帝写了一封信,用了三千多根竹简,要两个身强力壮的武士才可以送到宫里去。“尺素书”虽然轻便,但用材昂贵,不能“飞入寻常百姓家”。纸的发明,使书信进入了一个新的阶段。纸质书信成本低廉、投递方便,极大地促进了人和人之间的交流。安史之乱时期,贫苦的石壕妇人,仍然可以凭借“一男附书至”,得知战场上孩子的讯息。
④如今,依托互联网的“伊妹儿”(电子邮件),已经十分普及,各种免费邮箱为网民提供了便捷的邮件服务,但人类的通信发展并未停止,更新的通信方式,如手机短信等也在冲击着电子邮件,使得人们的交往更加随心,更为便捷。20世纪90年代,有人预言传统书信将被新兴的通信方式取代。然而我们惊奇地发现,传统的纸质书信依然健康发展,与电子通信方式并行不悖,在当下生活中发挥着重要的作用。
⑤为什么在信息时代,仍有很多人钟情传统通信方式?专家认为,传统信件承载了太多的文化内涵,一封信就是一份沉甸甸的敬意。古人“自谦而敬人”的做人原则在书信中表现为对自己的谦称和对别人的敬称。比如称呼自己为“敝人”,就是谦称;称呼别人为“阁下”,就是敬称。因此,纸质信是传统礼仪的集中体现,是一份摸得着、存得住的传统,它所传达的不仅仅是亲切的问候、重要的消息或者浪漫的情怀,更有人和人之间一种天然的未被浮躁遮蔽的“敬爱”。
⑥另外,传统书信还有历史价值。人到晚年,捧读青年时期的信件,往事历历在目,常有“家书抵万金”之慨,所以倍觉其珍贵。据说,《徐悲鸿信札》在竞拍会上拍出56.1万元的高价,《孙中山致叶恭绰信札》则拍出111万元。这些名人信札之所以能够被很多收藏家追捧,并拍出高价,重要的原因就是写在纸上的信所蕴含的历史、文化元素,如同写信者的笔迹一样,是不能被“拷贝”的。
小题1:根据文章内容,填写下表。(3分)
通信方式的演变
不同时期
出现的通信方式
文字发明以前
实物信
书写材料改进后
(1)          
尺素书
纸发明后
(2)          
(3)            
电子邮件
手机短信等
小题2:第②段中,作者为什么要强调“据考证”?(3分)
小题3:根据第③段内容,回答问题。(4分)
(1)写西汉东方朔给汉武帝写信说明了什么?(2分)
(2)引用“一男附书至”有什么表达效果?(2分)
小题4:下列说法不符合原文意思的一项是(    )(3分)
A.标题《从“尺素书”到“伊妹儿”》中用“伊妹儿”代称电子邮件,显得很生动。
B.第①段引用鲤鱼传家书的古诗,既可以引起阅读兴趣,也能够增添文化情味。
C.第⑤段说明了传统信件不仅能传达信息,而且能体现人们之间自然淳朴的敬意。
D.第⑥段名人信札拍出高价,说明传统书信被电子邮件取代后,重新焕发出生机。
答案

小题1:(1)尺牍书(2)纸质信(3)信息时代(每空1分)

小题1:因为“据考证”准确说明“实物信”在人类文字发明之前作为传达信息的工具是确凿的。

小题1:(1)通过举例子(列数字),说明“尺牍书”笨重不便。(2)充分说明纸质信已被广泛运用,增添了文学情趣。(每小题2分,意对即可)

小题1:D

小题1:本题考查梳理文章写作思路的能力。结合文章的内容仔细梳理即可。

小题1:本题考查说明文语言的特点。解答此题时一般方法:解释+分析+体现了语言的准确性。在分析效果时必须联系具体的语句。

小题1:本题考查说明文的说明方法以及说明方法的表达效果。大体可用如下方法:方法+特征,在分析特征时需结合具体的语句。

小题1:本题考查分析文章内容的能力。D项中说明名人信札还有历史价值。

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     With more and more wineries (酿酒厂) offering organic varieties to lower their eco-footprint

(生态足迹), it's no surprise that they're looking at the environmental impacts of their packaging as

well. The making of conventional glass bottles and the corks (软木塞) uses large quantities of natural

resources and causes a lot of pollution.

     Beyond manufacturing, the transport of wine in glass bottles across the country and around the

world also has its environmental effect. Trucking all the heavy glass bottles causes a much larger carbon

footprint than the transportation of much lighter boxed wine. Almost half the weight of an ordinary case

of wine comes from the bottles; about 95 percent of the weight of a case of boxed wine is the wine itself.

     "A standard wine bottle holds 750 milliliters of wine and causes about 5.2 pounds of carbon dioxide

when it travels from a farm in California to a store in New York," reports Colman, a researcher. "A

3-liter box causes about half the carbon dioxide per 750 milliliters."

     According to the Wine Group, the third largest wine company in the world and a big advocate for

switching away from glass bottles, there are other advantages to boxed wine (which typically includes

a plastic bag within a cardboard box). The vacuum (真空的) packaging of boxed wine allows it to stay

fresh for up to six weeks in the fridge once the seal is broken and the first glass has been poured.

     Still, despite the benefits, boxed wine may still be a tough pill to swallow for many wine experts.

"Even those traditionalists who are coming around to the idea that maybe screw caps (螺旋盖) are fine

for some wines, would not like the idea of a cellar (酒窖) full of cardboard boxes," says wine writer Lee

Asbell. "It is difficult to imagine how wine service at fine-dining establishments would handle such a

change." For now, boxed wine is still the field of cheaper brands. But that could all change as more and

more wine makers and drinkers take responsibility for saving the Earth.

1. Compared with glass bottled wine, boxed wine _______.

A. wastes more natural resources

B. is difficult to transport

C. causes less eco-footprint

D. takes up more space

2. What do we know about boxed wine from the passage?

A. Corks are still needed to close it

B. It's not suitable for long-distance transport

C. It must be kept in the fridge during the transport

D. The special packaging makes it stay fresh longer once it's opened

3. From the last paragraph, we can infer that _______.

A. wine drinkers think boxed wine has a different taste

B. a cellar isn't a good place to store cardboard boxed wine

C. boxed wine is more expensive than glass bottled wine

D. many wine experts still find it hard to accept boxed wine

4. The author writes this passage to _______.

A. call on people to drink less wine

B. advise packaging wine with different materials

C. advocate using boxes to store wine

D. introduce how to keep wine fresh after the bottle is opened

名词解释