问题 综合题

阅读下列材料( 18分)

材料一  “……若使天下兼相爱,非相攻……视人之宝若其宝,谁窃?视人之身若其身,谁贼?视人之家若其家,谁乱?视之若其国,谁攻?”

材料二  “民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。”

材料三  “天下皆知美之为美,斯恶矣?皆知善之为善,斯不美矣!故有无相生,难易相成,长短相形,高下相倾,声音相和,前后相随。”

材料四  “文王行仁义而王天下,偃王行仁义而丧其国,是仁义用于古而不用于今。古曰世异则事异。”

请回答:

(1)概括四则材料的观点或主张。

(2)根据相关观点,分别指出四则材料所代表的学派。

(3)结合所学知识,分析上述思想哪个对当时影响最大?哪个对后世影响最大?

(4)儒家思想在宋朝、明朝分别形成了怎样的体系?做出贡献的历史人物分别是谁?

(5)儒家思想为什么能成为我国封建社会的统治思想?你认为,我们应该怎样对待中国传统文化?

答案

(1)、材料一 主张兼爱,兼爱则天下无争;

材料二 主张关注人民,认为民心的向背关系到国家的兴亡(或民贵君轻);

材料三 认为事物都有对立面,对立的双方可以相互转化;

材料四 认为应当根据现实的需要进行改革,不应教条地遵循前代的传统。(4分)

(2)、一是墨家;二是儒家;三是道家;四是法家。(4分)

(3)、材料四的法家思想对当时影响最大;材料二的儒家思想对后世的影响最大。(4分)

(4)理学、心学(各1分,共2分);程颢、程颐;朱熹、王阳明(各1分,共2分);

(5)儒家思想有利于稳定社会秩序,维护封建统治(言之有理,给2分);批判地继承,对儒家思想的正确态度应该要批判的继承,取其精华,去其糟粕(言之有理,

题目分析:(1)直接概括四则材料的中心观点即可,即材料一 主张兼爱,兼爱则天下无争;材料二,主张关注人民,认为民心的向背关系到国家的兴亡(或民贵君轻);材料三,认为事物都有对立面,对立的双方可以相互转化;材料四,认为应当根据现实的需要进行改革,不应教条地遵循前代的传统。(2)根据第(1)问中四则材料的核心观点不难判断出材料所属各家学派。(3)结合所学知识可知法家学说在战国时期最为统治者所接受,而儒家思想在汉代被确立为正统思想,对后世影响深远。(4)结合所学可直接回答宋明理学的代表人物及其影响。(5)结合所学知识可以直接回答儒家思想能成为我国封建社会的统治思想的原因,对待中国传统文化应该持批判的继承的态度,取其精华,去其糟粕。

点评:儒家思想是中国传统文化主流思想的主体,而其他学派的主张也成为中国传统文化思想中的重要组成部分。高考对中国传统文化主流思想的演变的考查主要以儒家思想发展历程为重点,就内容而言,先秦时期孔孟为儒学奠基,西汉董仲舒将其神学化,南宋朱熹将其哲学化,系统化的相关知识点是必须牢记的内容。

单项选择题
阅读理解

A school master of Thurso in Caithness, William Munro, wrote in a report in THE TIMES on September 8, 1809 that twelve years earlier he had been walking along Sandside Bay shore when he saw what he first thought was a naked woman, sitting on a rock and combing her light brown hair. The face was fatty round, with reddish cheeks and blue eyes. If the rock where the woman sat had not been so dangerous for swimmers, Munro would have thought it was human. After a few minutes it dropped into the sea and swam away. Others had seen it too.

The island of Benbecula in the outer Hebrides, about 1830, women cutting seaweed reported they had met a creature of female form playing happily off the shore. A few days later her dead body was found two miles from where she had first been seen. The description of the creature was recorded thus, “the upper part of the creature was about the size of a well-fed child of three or four years of age, with an extraordinarily developed breast. The hair was long, dark and glossy(有光泽), while the skin was white, soft and tender. The lower part of the body was like a salmon(鲑鱼). ”

小题1:From the description given by the witnesses, we know that    .

A.mermaids did exist

B.mermaids shaped like females

C.mermaids looked terrible

D.mermaids shaped like fish小题2: This passage most probably comes from    .

A.scientific books

B.tales collection

C.travel guide

D.fishing webpages小题3: Which of the following is TRUE?

A.The school master and the women saw a mermaid in the same year.

B.The school master saw a mermaid swimming in the sea.

C.The women saw a mermaid swimming in the sea.

D.It was said that mermaids developed from salmons.小题4: Which of the following is WRONG?

A.Not all the people believe they were mermaids.

B.People have taken photos of the creature.

C.The creature in the second case looked like a woman with a fish’s tail.

D.Both of these two tales may not be true.