问题 填空题

(本题16分)钼酸钠晶体(Na2MoO4·2H2O)是无公害型冷却水系统的金属缓蚀剂,由钼精矿(主要成分是MoS2,含少量PbS等)制备钼酸钠晶体的部分流程如下:

(1)焙烧的过程中采用的是“逆流焙烧”的措施,则该措施的优点是:①_______________

②____________________________

(2)写出焙烧时生成MoO3的化学方程式为:______________________________________

(3)写出“碱浸”反应的离子方程式:            

(4)重结晶得到的母液可以在下次重结晶时重复使用,但达到一定次数后必须净化处理,原因是            。

(5)下图是碳钢在3种不同介质中的腐蚀速率实验结果:

①碳钢在盐酸和硫酸中腐蚀速率随酸的浓度变化有明显差异,其原因可能是    ________________

②空气中钼酸盐对碳钢的缓蚀原理是在钢铁表面形成FeMoO4—Fe2O3保护膜。

密闭式循环冷却水系统中的碳钢管道缓蚀,除需加入钼酸盐外还需加入NaNO2。则NaNO2的作用是   _________________________________________

③若缓释剂钼酸钠—月桂酸肌氨酸总浓度为300mg·L-1,则缓蚀效果最好时钼酸钠的物质的量浓度为      

(6)锂和二硫化钼形成的二次电池的总反应为:xLi + nMoS2Lix(MoS2)n。则电池放电时的正极反应式是:___________________________________。

答案

(1)①增长钼精矿与空气接触的时间,使其充分反应,提高原料的利用率 (1分)

②实现热量交换,节约能源 (1分)

(2)2MoS2  + 7O2 = 2MoO3 +4 SO2(高温)(2分)

(3)MoO3+CO32= MoO42+CO2↑ (2分)

(4)多次使用后母液中杂质的浓度增大,再次重结晶时会析出杂质影响产品纯度(2分)

(5)①Cl有利于碳钢的腐蚀,SO42不利于碳钢的腐蚀,使得钢铁在盐酸中的腐蚀速率明显快于硫酸;(1分)      

硫酸溶液随着浓度的增大,氧比性增强,会使钢铁钝化,腐蚀速率减慢 (1分)

②替代空气中氧气起氧化剂作用 (2分)   

③7.28×l0-4mol·L-1(2分)

(6)nMoS2 + xLi+ + xe- = Lix(MoS2)n (2分)

题目分析:要弄懂原料及制备的产品,流程的第一步尽可能看懂。

(1)审题“逆流焙烧”在课本找到类似的是冷凝管中水流与气流的方向是相对,为的是冷却效果更好,由此可知,“逆流焙烧”当然也为了增加接触时间,提高原料利率;接触时间长,热量交换也更充分,能节约能源。

(2)先写出MoS2  + O2 = MoO3 +    这一部分,可推断出另一产物为二氧化硫,利用氧化还原反应得失电子守恒和原子守恒配平。

(3)首先找到“碱浸”在流程图中的位置,注意,箭头指入的是加入的试剂,而指出的是产物,即加入Na2CO3,出来了CO2,还有MoO42应从最后产物中获取信息,即MoO3+CO32= MoO42+CO2

(4)重结晶的目的是提纯产品,母液当然含有一定量的产品,也含有一定量的杂质,所以到一定程度时,要进行净化,因为里面的杂质含量高了。

(5)①此题一定要看懂图中横坐标与纵坐标所表示的是什么量,由图中可知,相同的酸度下,腐蚀速率不一样,可知是因为Cl与SO42的不同导致的;再有是Fe在浓硫酸或浓硝酸中会钝化,所以,当酸度增大时,Fe表面发生钝化也会使腐蚀速率下降。

②亚硝酸钠的作用,应从其性质去想,一是氧化性,二是强碱弱酸盐,在这里结合题目应用到其氧化性。

③由坐标图中可读出当钼酸钠—月桂酸肌氨酸浓度为150 mg/L、150mg/L时,腐蚀速率是最低的,钼酸钠的浓度由质量浓度换算成物质的量浓度即可,(150×10-3g÷206g/mol)÷1L=7.28×l0-4mol·L-1

(6)放电时,正极应是发生还原反应的,从总反应式中找到发生还原反应的物质为MoS2,而被还原的产物为Lix(MoS2)n,即nMoS2+   e- +   =Lix(MoS2)n,接下来是确定电子数和Li+的个数,根据电荷守恒,电子数与Li+的个数是相等的,电极反应式也就完成了。

填空题


A How to Use a Painting Knife 使用画刀的方法
Painting with a knife is a bit like putting butter on bread and produces quite a (1) result to a brush. Painting knives are excellent for producing textured, impasto work and (2) areas of flat colour.
What’s the difference between a palette knife and a painting knife
A palette knife is a long, straight spatula that is used (3) mixing paints and scraping a palette clean. They’re made from metal, plastic, or wood and (4) either be completely straight or have a slightly bent handle. A painting knife has (5) large crank in the handle, which takes your hand away from the painting surface. They (6) in numerous shapes(for example pear-, diamond-, or trowel-shaped) and are used for painting (7) of a brush. The edge of the knife is blunt, so that it doesn’t cut the (8) .
·What shape of painting knife should I use
Different shaped painting knives produce different effects. For example, a short blade produces angular strokes (9)a long blade makes it easy to put down sweeps of colour.
·Why can’t I use a palette knife to paint with
You can. Painting (10) just have the advantage of coming in more angular shapes and with sharper points. And (11) larger crank in the handle means there’s less chance of rubbing your knuckles into wet (12) . If you’re unsure whether you’re going to enjoy painting with a knife, first buy a (13) , plastic palette knife and experiment a bit with this before upgrading to a wood-and-metal knife.
·How do I use painting knife
(14) the handle firmly so you’re got good control. Pick up some paint off your palette (15) the tip, as you’d pick up some butter with a knife. Use the side of the (16) to spread paint across your canvas, or press it onto the canvas, as you (17) spread butter across a slice of bread.It’ll seem strange at first as it’s quite (18) to using a brush. Using just the tip of the blade will produce small dots. (19) the edge of the knife down will produce fine lines. Pressing the blade flat down (20) the paint will produce ridges. Scrape back into the paint to reveal underlying layers (called sgraffito).

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