问题 单项选择题

属于第四代头孢菌素常用药物的是()。

A.头孢拉定

B.头孢克洛

C.头孢克肟

D.头孢吡肟

E.头孢洛林酯

答案

参考答案:D

解析:本组题考查要点是“头孢菌素类抗菌药物的代表药物”。根据抗菌谱、抗菌活性、对β-内酰胺酶的稳定性以及肾毒性的不同,目前将头孢菌素类抗菌药物分为五代。①第一代头孢菌素常用品种有头孢唑林和头孢拉定注射剂,口服制剂有头孢拉定、头孢氨苄和头孢羟氨苄等。②第二代头孢菌素常用的注射剂有头孢呋辛和头孢替安,口服制剂有头孢克洛、头孢呋辛酯和头孢丙烯等。③第三代头孢菌素注射品种有头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢他啶和头孢哌酮等。口服制剂有头孢克肟、头孢泊肟酯等。④第四代头孢菌素常用者为头孢吡肟,对肠杆菌科细菌和铜绿假单胞菌的活性与头孢他啶大致相仿;但对产AmpC酶的阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌和沙雷菌属的作用优于头孢他啶等第三代头孢菌素。⑤第五代头孢菌素属于超广谱抗生素、对大多数耐药革兰阳性、阴性厌氧菌具有较强的抗菌活性,对β-内酰胺酶尤其超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)稳定,血浆半衰期间长,无肾毒性。代表药有头孢洛林酯、头孢托罗、头孢吡普等。

填空题


A Recent Erymology of the Word "Culture"“文化”一词的新词源
Look in an old dictionary—say, a pre-1960 Webster’s—and you’ll likely find a definition of culture (1) looks something like this: "1.The cultivation of soil. 2.The raising, improvement, or development of some plant, animal (2) product. " This use of the word has its roots in the ancient Latin word cultura, "cultivation" or "tending," and (3) entrance into the English language had begun by the year 1430. By the time the Webster’s definition above was (4) , another definition had begun to take precedence over the old Latin denotation; culture was coming to mean "the training, (5) , and refinement of mind, tastes, and manners" (Oxford English Dictionary). The OED traces this definition, which today we associate (6) the phrase "high culture," back as far as 1805; by the middle of the 20th century, it was (7) becoming the word’s primary definition.
However, if you try a more modem source, like the American Heritage English Dictionary, (8) find a primary definition of culture which is substantially different than either of the two given above: "The totality (9) socially transmitted behavior patterns, arts, beliefs, institutions, and all other products of human work and thought. " Why such a (10) , and in such a (relatively) short period of time Well, in the past 40 years, the use of the (11) "culture" has been heavily influenced by the academic fields of sociology and cultural anthropology. These fields have gradually brought (12) was once a minor definition of culture (the last of eight definitions given in the old 1958 Webster’s quoted (13) ) into the mainstream.
It is easy to imagine how the US society which was so focused on "socially transmitted (14) patterns" in the sixties would come to need a word to describe the object of its interest. The civil (15) movement during this era brought everyone’s attention to bear on cultural differences within US society, while the Vietnam War (16) to emphasize the position of the US culture in relation to other world cultures.
Over time, these new uses (17) the word culture have eclipsed its older meanings, those associated with cultivation of the land and the production of (18) . You might say that an aspect of US culture over the past 40 years is its fascination with the (19) of culture itself—a fascination which has brought about many changes in the way we speak and the (20) of words which we commonly use.

单项选择题