问题 论述题

(26分)城市的可持续发展对人类社会的发展其有重要影响。我国要走新型城镇化道路,实施国家新型城镇化规划,积极引导城镇化健康发展。

下表中列举了一些当前我国城镇化发展过程中的问题,运用《经济学常识》中“建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制主要问题”的知识,说明如何解决这些问题。(8分)

主要问题解决措施
目前,我国城镇化率已达51. 27 % ,但城镇户籍人口占总人口的比例却只有35%。近2亿农民工无法实现身份的根本转变,不能享受平等的待遇。
中国有2/3的城市空气质量不达标,2/3 的大中城市陷入垃圾包围之中,城市水资源供需矛盾突出,全国有420多座城市供水不足,其中110座城市严重缺水。
根据《中国城市发展报告(2012 )》,我国人口规模急剧增长,导致就业难、看病难、养老难等社会问题。

答案

①建立有利于逐步改变城乡二元经济结构的体制、形成城乡经济社会发展一体化的新格局。(3分)②建立促进经济社会可持续发展的机制,加大环保力度,建设生态文明。(3分)③健全社会保障制度、促进社会和谐。(2分)

题目分析:本题要求学生根据图表中当前我国城镇化发展过程中存在的问题,运用《经济学常识》中“建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制主要问题”的知识,说明解决这些问题的措施。解答本题需要学生认真分析图表中列举的我国城镇化发展过程中存在的问题,通过分析找出原因之所在,再用所学知识加以说明。图表中反映的第一个问题是城乡二元结构的问题,解决这一问题,学生可从贯彻落实科学发展观,深化改革,打破城乡二元经济结构体制方面加以说明;图表中反映的第二个问题是环境污染问题,解决这一问题,学生可从贯彻落实科学发展观,建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会,实现经济社会可持续发展方面加以说明;图表中反映的第三个问题是我国的社会保障体系不够健全,解决这一问题,学生可从贯彻落实科学发展观,坚持以人为本,发挥财政在完善社会保障方面的作用,实现社会和谐发展方面展开说明。

问答题 简答题
单项选择题

It is no longer just dirty blue-collar jobs in manufacturing that are being sucked offshore but also white-collar service jobs, which used to be considered safe from foreign competition. Telecoms charges have tumbled, allowing workers in far-flung locations to be connected cheaply to customers in the developed world. This has made it possible to offshore services that were once non-tradable. Morgan Stanley’s Mr. Roach has been drawing attention to the fact that the "global labour arbitrage" is moving rapidly to the better kinds of jobs. It is no longer just basic data processing and call centres that are being outsourced to low-wage countries, but also software programming, medical diagnostics, engineering design, law, accounting, finance and business consulting. These can now be delivered electronically from anywhere in the world, exposing skilled white-collar workers to greater competition.
The standard retort to such arguments is that outsourcing abroad is too small to matter much. So far fewer than lm American service-sector jobs have been lost to off-shoring. Forrester Research forecasts that by 2015 a total of 3.4m jobs in services will have moved abroad, but that is tiny compared with the 30m jobs destroyed and created in America every year. The trouble is that such studies allow only for the sorts of jobs that are already being off-shored, when in reality the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise as IT advances and education improves in emerging economies.

According to the text, Forrester Research Prediction might be different if ______.
[A] outsourcing abroad is large enough to matter much
[B] the proportion of jobs that can be moved will rise
[C] more comprehensive factors are taken into account
[D] education improvement in emerging economies plays a role


Alan Blinder, an economist at Princeton University, believes that most economists are underestimating the disruptive effects of off-shoring, and that in future two to three times as many service jobs will be susceptible to off-shoring as in manufacturing. This would imply that at least 30% of all jobs might be at risk. In practice the number of jobs off-shored to China or India is likely to remain fairly modest. Even so, the mere threat that they could be shifted will depress wages.
Moreover, says Mr. Blinder, education offers no protection. Highly skilled accountants, radiologists or computer programmers now have to compete with electronically delivered competition from abroad, whereas humble taxi drivers, janitors and crane operators remain safe from off-shoring. This may help to explain why the real median wage of American graduates has fallen by 6% since 9000, a bigger decline than in average wages.
In the 1980s and early 1990s, the pay gap between low-paid, low-skilled workers and high-paid, high-skilled Workers widened significantly. But since then, according to a study by David Autor, Lawrence Katz and Melissa Kearney, in America, Britain and Germany workers at the bottom as well as at the top have done better than those in the middle-income group. Office cleaning cannot be done by workers in India. It is the easily standardised skilled jobs in the middle, such as accounting, that are now being squeezed hardest. A study by Bradford Jensen and Lori Kletzer, at the Institute for International Economics in Washington D. C., confirms that workers in tradable services that are exposed to foreign competition tend to be more skilled than workers in non-tradable services and tradable manufacturing industries.