小鼠被关在笼子里，只要它触摸到笼子里红色的按钮就会遭受电击，于是小鼠很快就学会了不去触摸红色的按钮以免遭电击，这是（）
A．阳性强化
B．阴性强化
C．替代强化
D．消退
E．惩罚
参考答案：E
解析：
阳性强化是指在反应发生之后给予某种正性刺激而使该反应发生的概率增加；阴性强化是指在反应发生之后导致某种厌恶刺激的撤除而使该反应发生的概率增加；替代强化是指人们不直接参与某一活动，也不需亲自体验直接的强化，而是通过观察别人的行为受到奖励或惩罚，使自己在以后类似情况下也作出这种行为或抑制这种行为；消退是指条件反射建立之后不再给予强化物而逐渐使该反应发生的概率逐渐降低；惩罚是指在反应发生之后导致某种厌恶刺激的出现而使该反应发生的概率降低。
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| If you are a teenage boy and want to succeed in life, you'd better read this great book! From Boys to Men, by American author, Michael Curian, tells teenage boys that they are living through the __1__ years of their life. There is no reason for them not to love life. You may think that only your body is growing at the moment.__2__ the book says your mind is too. The book tells teenage boys that they need to__3__ their bodies and minds to grow. To do this, they should stop __4__ their time playing computer games and should __5__ playing sports. Sports, the book says, keep you __6__ and teach you important life skills. They also teach you __7__ to be a leader and work as a part of a team. The book also tells boys how to love life __8__ they are bullied (受欺负) at school. It says boys should not be afraid of such school bullies (恶霸学生). The book says that, to become the man you want to be, you have to believe in __9__. Most importantly, the book says, you must always __10__ to succeed. Never be happy with what you've got and try to achieve more. | |||
| ( ) 1. A. bad ( ) 2. A. And ( ) 3. A. help ( ) 4. A. making ( ) 5. A. start ( ) 6. A. healthy ( ) 7. A. what ( ) 8. A. since ( ) 9. A. others ( ) 10. A. try | B. better B. Then B. make B. paying B. forget B. wor ried B. how B. unless B. each other B. listen | C. best C. Or C. have C. spending C. finish C. tired C. when C. before C. yourself C. deal | D. worst D. But D. keep D. costing D. dislike D. interested D. where D. even if D. your parents D. talk |