问题 问答题

某化工厂为综合利用生产过程中的副产品CaSO4,与相邻的化肥厂联合设计了制备(NH42SO4的工艺流程.

【工艺流程及原理】

沉淀池中发生的主要化学反应为:CO2+2NH3+CaSO4+H2O=CaCO3↓+(NH42SO4

【讨论交流】

(1)操作a的名称是______,若在实验室进行此操作,用到的玻璃仪器除玻璃棒、烧杯外,还需要______.

(2)经操作a后得到的固体物质在煅烧炉中高温分解生成X和Y两种物质,该工艺中,Y被作为原料之一循环利用.Y的化学式为______.

(3)沉淀池中也可能生成少量NH4HCO3,该反应的化学方程式为______.

【硫酸铵化肥等级测定】

(1)判断(NH42SO4化肥中有无NH4HCO3

取少量试样溶于水,滴加足量的______,无气泡产生,则可判断该化肥中不存在NH4HCO3

(2)化肥中氮元素含量的测定(已确定该化肥中不存在NH4HCO3杂质):

【查阅资料】

①已知:(NH42SO4+2NaOH

  △  
.
 
Na2SO4+2NH3↑+2H2O

氨气极易溶于水,其水溶液为氨水.氨水呈碱性,不稳定,易挥发.

②工业判断硫酸铵化肥等级指标如下:

指标

项目

优等品合格品
氮(N)含量≥21.0%≥20.5%
【实验设计】

按右图所示装置进行实验.

(1)实验过程中,往烧瓶中加入足量浓氢氧化钠溶液,并加热使硫酸铵充分反应完全转化为NH3

(2)烧杯中的试剂是为了吸收产生的氨气,下列最适宜的试剂是______(填序号);

①水;②浓HCl;③稀H2SO4;④NaOH溶液

烧杯中干燥管的作用是______.

【交流讨论】

实验小组的同学认为,用上述实验装置测得的结果可能会出现下列情况.

(1)甲同学认为:应在实验装置A、B之间增加一个装有______(填“浓硫酸“或“碱石灰”)的干燥装置,否则实验测得的硫酸铵化肥含氮量可能偏高.

(2)乙同学认为:在实验装置A、B之间增加正确的干燥装置后进行实验,测得的硫酸铵化肥含氮量可能偏低,理由是______.

【实验测定】

经讨论后,他们改进了实验装置,排除了可能产生误差的因素,重新进行实验.

取硫酸铵化肥样品13.5 g进行实验,测得B装置增重与反应时间的关系如右图所示.请通过计算判断该化肥的等级.

计算过程:

该化肥的等级为______品.

答案

【讨论交流】(1)a操作的目的是把混合物分成固体和液体两部分,要用过滤的操作方法.

(2)过滤后得到的固体物质是碳酸钙,在煅烧炉中高温分解生成氧化钙和二氧化碳两种物质,由图示知,后者是可反复利用.

(3)反应物为氨气及二氧化碳和水,生成物为碳酸氢氨,常温下反应,则方程式为:CO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3

【硫酸铵化肥等级测定】(1)碳酸氢氨可与酸反应生成二氧化碳气体,有气泡放出现象,所以可加入盐酸(HCl)、硫酸(H2SO4)或硝酸(HNO3)等判断是否存在.

【实验设计】:(2)①水,②浓HCl,③稀H2SO4,④NaOH溶液四种物质中,水不如酸吸收效果好,但盐酸易挥发,不能采用,氢氧化钠与氨气不反应,所以选③;氨气极易和硫酸反应被吸收,要防止倒吸.

【交流讨论】:(1)A中可能产生水蒸气,要防止它也作为氨气被吸收,但浓硫酸不但可吸收水蒸气,也吸收氨气,所以只能用碱石灰;

(2)要使结果准确,还要保证A中的氨气全部被B吸收,图中缺少赶尽反应装置中残留氨气的装置(或有氨气残留在装置中)

【计算过程】:

增重的3.4g为氨气的质最.

设13.5g样品中含有(NH42SO4的质量为x.

(NH42SO4+2NaOH

  △  
.
 
Na2SO4+2NH3↑+2H2O

132                       34

x                        3.4g

132:34=x:3.4g

解得:x=13.2g

(14×2)÷132×13.2g=2.8g

2.8g÷13.5g×100%=20.7%

20.5%≤20.7%≤21.0%,为合格品.

故答案为:【讨论交流】(1)过滤;漏斗;(2)CO2;(3)CO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3

【硫酸铵化肥等级测定】(1)盐酸(HCl)、硫酸(H2SO4)或硝酸(HNO3)等;

实验设计:(2)③;防止倒吸;

交流讨论:(1)碱石灰;(2)缺少赶尽反应装置中残留氨气的装置(或有氨气残留在装置中)

计算过程:

增重的3.4g为氨气的质最.

设13.5g样品中含有(NH42SO4的质量为x.

(NH42SO4+2NaOH

  △  
.
 
Na2SO4+2NH3↑+2H2O

132 34

x3.4g

132:34=x:3.4g

解得:x=13.2g

(14×2)/132×13.2g=2.8g

2.8g÷13.5g×100%=20.7%,20.5%≤20.7%≤21.0%,为合格品.

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Tens of thousands of theatre tickets will be given away to young people next year as part of a government

campaign to inspire a lifelong love for theatre.

     The plan to offer free seats to people aged between 18 to 26-funded with £2.5 million of taxpayers' money-

was announced yesterday by Andy Burnham, the Culture Secretary. It received a cautious welcome from some

in the arts world, who expressed concern that the tickets may not reach the most underprivileged.

     The plan comes as West End theatres are enjoying record audiences, thanks largely to musicals teaming up

with television talent shows. Attendances reached. 13.6 million in 2007, up 10 percent on 2006, itself a record

year. Total sales were up 18 percent on 2006 to almost £470 million.

     One theatre source criticized the Government's priorities (优先考虑的事) in funding free tickets when

pensioners were struggling to buy food and fuel, saying:"I don't know why the Government's wasting money

on this. The Yong Vic, as The Times reported today, offers excellent performances at cheap prices."

     There was praise for the Government's plan from Dominic Cooke of the Royal Court Theatre, who said:"I

support any move to get young people into theatre, and especially one that aims to do it all over England, not

just in London."

     Ninety-five publicly funded theatres could apply for funding under the two-year plan. In return, they will

offer free tickets on at least one day each week to 18 to 26-year-olds, first-come, first-served. It is likely to be

on Mondays, traditionally a quiet night for the theatre.

     Mr. Burnham said:"A young person attending the theatre can find it an exciting experience, and be inspired

to explore a new world. But sometimes people miss out on it because they fear it's 'not for them'. It's time to

change this perception."

     Jeremy Hunt, the Shadow Culture Secretary, said:"The real issue is not getting enthusiastic children into the

theatre, but improving arts education so that more young people want to go in the first place. For too many

children theatres are a no-go area."

1. Critics of the plan argued that _____.

A. the theatres would be overcrowded

B. it would be a waste of money

C. pensioners wouldn't get free tickets

D. the government wouldn't be able to afford it

2. According to the supporters, the plan should _____.

A. benefit the television industry

B. focus on producing better plays

C. help increase the sales of tickets

D. involve all the young people in England

3. Which of the following is TRUE about the plan?

A. Ninety-five theatres have received funding.

B. Everyone will get at least one free ticket.

C. It may not benefit all the young people.

D. Free tickets are offered once every day.

4. We can infer from the passage that in England _____.

A. many plays are not for young people

B. many young people don't like theatre

C. people know little about the plan

D. children used to receive good arts education

5. According to the passage, the issue to offer free tickets to young people seems _____.

A. controversial

B. inspiring

C. exciting

D. unreasonable

单项选择题 共用题干题