问题 阅读理解与欣赏

  从文化角度考察,宋词的荣耀得力于其市井文化与士林文化相互影响的双重品格。这一点我们可以从词的别名入手加以探讨。词又称“诗余”或“长短句”,前者循其文体嬗变脉络而言,后者就其形式立名。至于“曲子词”、“曲子”、“今曲子”的别名,则强调其音乐属性。从隋唐至宋,这一属性是造就词的双重文化品格的基础。南北朝是中 * * 大融合的历史阶段,伴随这一过程的完成,西域音乐在隋唐时代传入中土,并与汉族的传统音乐融合产生出与雅乐对立的燕乐,燕乐即俗乐,词在初期就是与之相配的歌词,其市井文化的品格不言而喻。

  作为配乐的歌词,词作者必须按照乐谱的音律、节拍进行创作,才能用于演唱实践,于是“倚声”“填词”等相关术语就应运而生了。词的句法参差错落,又有多种词牌可供创作时选择,因而在传达人们复杂隐秘的内心世界时,它就有了诗所难以比拟的灵活性。古人作文吟诗,往往要正襟危坐,以体现“诗言志”的尊严;却独于倚声填词较少顾忌,这就是“诗庄词媚”或“词为艳科”说之由来。在反映社会生活的深度与广度上,或许词不如诗,但若表现复杂的感情世界,词又有胜于诗的优越性。王国维曾就此论道:“词之为体,要眇宜修,能言诗之所不能言,而不能尽诗之所能言。诗之境阔,词之言长。”他概括出诗与词的不同文体特征,的确很有见地。

  词的文体特征与其音乐属性密切相关,而其接受方式也就有了双重选择的可能。当其宛转于歌伎之口以娱悦听众时,听众成份的复杂化要求词的写作须向俚俗靠拢。除字句易懂外,有趣的共鸣也是不可或缺的。此外,耳听与目治的接受方式的不同,也要求词的写作不宜晦涩艰深,而要有一定的口语化基础。所有这些要求都无疑会令词的市井文化品格得到加强,否则,词将失去其赖以发展的土壤,而成为纯粹的供文人欣赏的案头文字。柳永“假使重相见,还得似旧时么?”李清照“不如向帘儿底下,听人笑语。”前者写恋人细语温柔,缠绵悱恻;后者感人生苍凉,寓愁于乐。词句浅显易懂,毫无费力之处,便于听唱;如果用诗的表现形式表现,就很难传达出个中细腻微妙的情愫。当然,词也不只限于风月情怀或世之离愁的抒发中。在言志咏史与挥洒壮志的有关题材中,也有区别于诗的潇洒风度,苏轼“大江东去”的放歌,辛弃疾“千古江山”的抒怀,皆可佐证。

1、第一段中“词在初期就是与之相配的歌词,其市井文化的品格不言而喻”一句的“之”“其”所指代的内容是什么?

答:“之”指代_______________;“其”指代______________。

2、第二段中王国维说“诗之境阔,词之言长”分别指的是什么?

(1) _______________________________________________

(2) _______________________________________________

3、试概述宋词的市井文化品格的特点(列出其中的三点)。

(1) _______________________________________________

(2) _______________________________________________

(3) _______________________________________________

答案

1、“之”指代 俗乐(或 燕乐);“其”指代 词(或宋词)。(意对即可)

2、(1) 诗擅长反映社会生活且能具备一定的深度与广度 。

(2) 词擅长表现复杂的感情世界。(大意对即可)

3、(1) 按照俗乐乐谱的音律、节拍进行创作。

(2) 表现形式灵活多样。

(3) 语言通俗化、一定程度的口语化 。

(4)长于表现复杂的感情世界。(答出其中任意三点,大意对即可。)

单项选择题 A1型题
填空题

[A] The Need for Science

[B] The Methods of Science

[C] The Challenge of Unsolved Problems

[D] The Specific Features of the Laws of Science

[E] The Steps in Establishing a Scientific Theory

[F] The Rapid Increase of Scientific Knowledge

It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it. and to find. if he is able. common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the "controlled experiment".

41. ______.

In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law.

42. ______.

The "laws" of science differ from the "laws" of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying. This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the "law" would lead one to expect. The "law" may, in fact. have to be abandoned altogether. Second. a scientific "law" says, "This is likely to be the explanation", or "This accounts for the facts as far as we know them". But the "law" of the country says, "You must..." or "You must not..." The scientific "law" has no moral force; it is not binding on human behavior nor approved or opposed by human conscience.

43. ______.

The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out. The rapidity of the growth of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is apt to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth.

44. ______.

The vast mass of information which scientists have gained has provided the answer to the fundamental questions which, through the centuries, have puzzled and sometimes tortured the human mind. There are many such questions. The study of parasites has provided evidence that organisms which could be self-supporting have become parasites, but hardly any light has been shed on the problem of why they should have done so. What enables an organism to respond to the poisonous secretions of harmful bacteria and organize its resources to defend its life

45. ______.

To raise the standard of living in any country, two things are required, scientific knowledge, and a population sufficiently educated to understand how to apply it. Without the latter, the expected benefits will not come.

Notes: ado 麻烦,忙乱。be binding on 对......有约束力。parasite 寄生虫。shed light on 使某事物更清楚些。 secretion 分泌物。

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