问题 阅读理解与欣赏

《说“木叶”》节选

  从“木叶”发展到“落叶”,其中关键显然在“木”这一字,其与“树叶”或“落叶”的不同,也正在此。“树叶”可以不用多说,在古诗中很少见人用它;就是“落叶”,虽然常见,也不过是一般的形象。原来诗歌语言的精妙不同于一般的概念,差一点就会差得很多;而诗歌语言之不能单凭借概念,也就由此可见。从概念上说,“木叶”就是“树叶”,原没有什么可以辩论之处,可是到了诗歌的形象思维之中,后者无人过问,前者则不断发展。像“无边落木萧萧下”这样大胆的发挥创造性,难道不怕死心眼的人会误以为是木头自天而降吗?而我们的诗人杜甫,却宁可冒这危险,创造出那千古流传、形象鲜明的诗句。这冒险,这形象,其实又都在这一个“木”字上,然则这一字的来历岂不大可思索吗?在这里我们就不得不先来分析一下“木”字。

  首先我们似乎应该研究一下,古代的诗人们都在什么场合才用“木”字呢?也就是说都在什么场合“木”字才恰好能构成精妙的诗歌语言?事实上他们并不是随处都用的,要是那样,就成了“万应锭”了。而自屈原开始把它准确地用在一个秋风叶落的季节之中,此后的诗人们无论谢庄、陆厥、柳恽、王褒、沈全期、杜甫、黄庭坚,都以此在秋天的情景中取得鲜明的形象,这就不是偶然的了。例如吴均的《答柳恽》说:“秋月照层岭,寒风扫高木。”这里用“高树”是不是可以呢?当然也可以;曹植的《野田黄雀行》就说:“高树多悲风,海水扬其波。”这也是千古名句,可是这里的“高树多悲风”却并没有落叶的形象,而“寒风扫高木”则显然是落叶的景况了。前者正要借满树叶子的吹动,表达出像海潮一般深厚的不平,这里叶子越多,感情才越饱满;而后者却是一个叶子越来越少的局面,所谓“扫高木”者岂不正是“落木千山”的空阔吗?然则“高树”则饱满,“高木”则空阔;这就是“木”与“树”相同而又不同的地方。“木”在这里要比“树”更显得单纯,所谓“枯桑知天风”这样的树,似乎才更近于“木”;它仿佛本身就含有一个落叶的因素,这正是“木”的第一个艺术特征。要说明“木”它何以会有这个特征,就不能不触及诗歌语言中暗示性的问题,这暗示性仿佛是概念的影子,常常躲在概念的背后,我们不留心就不会察觉它的存在。敏感而有修养的诗人们正在于能认识语言形象中一切潜在的力量,把这些潜在的力量与概念修养的诗人们正在于能认识语言形象中一切潜在的力量,把这些潜在的力量与概念中的意义交织组合起来,于是成为丰富多彩一言难尽的言说。它在不知不觉之中影响着我们;它之富于感染性启发性者在此,它之不落于言筌者也在此。而“木”作为“树”的概念的同时,却正是具有着一般“木头”“木料”“木板”等的影子,这潜在形象常常影响着我们会更多地想起了树干,而很少会想到了叶子,因为叶子原不是属于木质的,“叶”因此常被排斥到“木”的疏朗的形象以外去,这排斥也就是为什么会暗示着落叶的缘故。而“树”呢?它是具有繁茂的枝叶的,它与“叶”都带有密密层层浓阴的联想。所谓“午阴嘉树清圆”,这里如果改用“木”字就缺少“午阴”更为真实的形象。然则“树”与“叶”的形象之间不但不相排斥,而且是十分一致的;也正因为它们之间太多的一致,“树叶”也就不会比一个单独的“叶”字多带来一些什么,在习于用单词的古典诗歌中,因此也就从来很少见“树叶”这个词汇了。至于“木叶”呢,则全然不同。这里又还需要说到“木”在形象上的第二个艺术特征。

  “木”不但让我们容易想起了树干,而且还会带来了“木”所暗示的颜色性。树的颜色,即就树干而论,一般乃是褐绿色,这与叶也还是比较相近的;至于“木”呢,那就说不定,它可能是透着黄色,而且在触觉上它可能是干燥的而不是湿润的,我们所习见的门栓、棍子、桅杆等,就都是这个样子,这里带着“木”字的更为普遍的性格。尽管在这里“木”是作为“树”这样一个特殊概念而出现的,而“木”字的更为普遍的潜在的暗示,却依然左右着这个形象,于是“木叶”就自然而然有了落叶的微黄与干燥之感,它带来了整个疏朗的清秋的气息。“袅袅兮秋风,洞庭波兮木叶下。”这落下绝不是碧绿柔软的叶子,而是窸窣飘零、透些微黄的叶子,我们仿佛听见了离人的叹息,想起了游子的漂泊。这就是“木叶”的形象所以如此生动的缘故。它不同于“美女妖且闲,采桑歧路间;柔条纷冉冉,落叶何翩翩”中的落叶,因为那是 * * 饱含着水分的繁密的叶子。也不同于“静夜四无邻,荒居旧业贫;雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人”中的黄叶,因为那黄叶还是静静地长满在一树上,在那蒙蒙的雨中,它虽然是具有“木叶”微黄的颜色,却没有“木叶”的干燥之感,因此也就缺少那飘零之意;而且它的黄色由于雨的湿润,也显然是变得太黄了。“木叶”,所以是属于风的而不是属于雨的,属于爽朗的晴空而不属于沉沉的阴天,这是一个典型的清秋的性格。至于“落木”呢,则比“木叶”还更显得空阔,它连“叶”这一字所保留的一点绵密之意也洗净了……

  “木叶”之与“树叶”,不过是一字之差,“木”与“树”在概念上原是相去无几的,然而到了艺术形象的领域,这里的差别就几乎是一字千里。

1、文中第一段划线的“后者”指的是什么?“前者”指的是什么?

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2、请简要概括“木”的第一个艺术特征和第二个艺术特征。(分别在15字以内)

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3、文中划线处“木”与“树”相同的地方指什么?不同的地方是什么?

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4、理论上讲,“树叶”与“木叶”在意味上(意象上)很有差别的根本原因是什么?(请简答)

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答案

1、后者指“树叶”,前者指“木叶”。

2、第一特征:空阔,单纯,疏朗,含有落叶的因素。

第二特征:透着黄色,干燥,具有疏朗的清秋气息。(意对即可)

3、相同的地方:作为树的概念是相同的。

不同的地方:木比树空阔,单纯(疏朗)含有落叶的因素。树饱满(湿润、茂密)而无落叶的形象。(意对即可)

4、诗歌语言富于暗示性。这暗示性有其潜在的力量,这些潜在的力量与概念中的意义交织组合,成为丰富多彩、一言难尽的言说。(或:不同的字,其联想的意义不同,于是其色彩、质地、气息、性格所带来的意象就不同了。)(意对即可)

单项选择题
阅读理解
Reading comprehension.
The following is a recent survey among teenagers:
Radio
     Most teenagers nowadays are not regular listeners to radio. They may occasionally tune in, but they
do not try to listen to a program specifically. The main reason teenagers listen to the radio is for music,
but now with online sites streaming music for free they do not bother, and users can choose the songs
they want instead of listening to what the radio presenter/DJ chooses.

Television
     Most teenagers watch television, but usually there are points in the year where they watch more than
average. This is due to programs coming on in seasons, so they will watch a particular show at a certain
time (as long as it lasts) but then they may watch no television for weeks.
     Teenagers are also watching less television because of services such as BBC iPlayer, which allows
them to watch shows when they want. Whilst watching TV, adverts come on quite regularly (18 minutes
of every hour) and teenagers do not want to watch these, so they switch to another channel, or do
something else whilst the adverts run.

Newspapers
     No teenager that I know of regularly reads a newspaper, as most do not have the time and cannot be
bothered to read pages and pages of text while they could watch the news summarized on the Internet or
on TV.

Internet
     Every teenager has some access to the Internet, be it at school or home. Home use is mainly used for
fun (such as social networking) whilst school (or library) use is for work. Most teenagers are heavily
active on a combination of social networking sites. Facebook is the most common, with nearly everyone
with an Internet connection registered and visiting>4 times week. Facebook is popular as one can interact
with friends on a wide scale.
     For searching the web, Google is the dominant figure, simply because it is well known and easy to
use. Some teenagers make purchases on the Internet (on sites like eBay) but this is only used by a small
percentage, as a credit card is required and most teenagers do not have credit cards. Many teenagers use
YouTube to watch videos (usually anime which cannot be watched anywhere else) and some use it as a
music player by having a video with the music they want to listen to playing in the background.

Mobile Phones
     99pc of teenagers have a mobile phone and most are quite capable phones. Usually, teenagers only use
their phones for texting, calling. Features such as video messaging or video calling are not used-because
they are expensive.
     Services such as instant messaging are used, but not by everyone. It usually depends, whether the
phone is Wi-Fi compatible, because otherwise it is very expensive to get Internet off the phone network.
As most teenagers' phones have Bluetooth support, and Bluetooth is free, they utilize this feature often.
     Mobile email is not used as teenagers have no need; they do not need to be connected to their inbox
all the time as they don't receive important emails.
1. The survey carried out recently is mainly concerned with _____.
A. how teenagers consume media
B. what electric devices teenagers favor
C. which new trend teenagers are following
D. how teenagers contact others and make their social net 
2. As is mentioned in the survey, the reason why teenagers watch less TV mainly lies in that _____.
A. teenagers do not watch regular programs
B. all the TV programs are on for only a few weeks
C. teenagers may turn to other devices to watch their favorite
D. the TV adverts coming on every channel are just the same
3. Which of the following is TRUE according to the survey?
A. Radio presenter or DJ used to invite the listeners to choose the songs they want.
B. The main source for teenagers to get news is Internet as well as newspapers.
C. Google is the most common social networking sites due to its convenience.
D. Some features of modern mobile phones are not widely used by teenagers.