问题 选择题

中国近代史上,国门洞开。福州、厦门被迫开放为通商口岸是在(  )

A.鸦片战争之后

B.第二次鸦片战争之后

C.甲午中日战争之后

D.八国联军侵华战争之后

答案

答案:A

题目分析:鸦片战争之后开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸。第二次鸦片战争之后

增开牛庄(后改营口)、淡水、汉口、南京等十一处为通商口岸。甲午中日战争之后开放沙市、 重庆、苏州、杭州为商埠。八国联军侵华战争之后《辛丑条约》并没有开放通商口岸要求。A符合题意。

点评:巧记不平等条约

一、1842年中英《南京条约》主要内容:①割香港岛给英国;②赔款2100万银元;③开放广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处为通商口岸;④英商进出口货物缴纳的税款,中国须同英国商定。

方法1,挑选核心词依次缩记为“割地、赔款、开口岸、协税”。方法2,用字头法结和谐音法记为“哥哥赔五(双)鞋”,解释:“哥哥”──谐“割” 音,指割地;“赔”──赔款;“五”──五口通商;“(双)”──辅助记忆,无实义,下同;“鞋”──谐“协”音,指协定关税。

广州、厦门、福州、宁波、上海五处通商口岸名称的记忆。方法1,用字头法记为“广、厦、福、宁、上”。方法2,用谐音法记为“光(广)下(厦)不(福)能(宁)上”。

二、1858年中俄、中美、中英、中法《天津条约》主要内容:①外国公使常驻北京。②增开牛庄(后改营口)、淡水、汉口、南京等十处为通商口岸。 ③外国军舰和商船可在长江各口岸自由航行。④外国人可以到中国内地游历、通商、传教。⑤清政府赔偿英法两国军费各200万两,赔偿英商损失200万两白银。

方法1,挑选核心词依次缩记为“公使驻京、开十口、外国船、外国人、赔款”。方法2,用数字排比法记为“一开二赔三外”,解释:“一开”──增开牛庄(后改营口)、淡水、汉口、南京等十处为通商口岸;“二赔”──军费、商损两种赔款,即赔偿英法两国军费各200万两,赔偿英商损失200万两白银; “三外”──外国公使(进驻北京),外国船(军舰和商船可以在长江各口岸自由航行),外国人(可以到内地游历、经商、传教)。

三、1860年中英、中法《北京条约》主要内容:①清政府承认《天津条约》有效;②增开天津为商埠;③割让九龙司地方一区给英国;④准许英、法招募华工出国;⑤对英、法两国赔款各增至800 万两白银。

方法1,挑选核心词依次缩记为“认天约、开天津、割九龙、准华工、增赔款”。方法2,用字头法结和谐音法记为“准(许)天天陪酒”,解释: “准”──准许英、法招募华工出国;“天天”──清政府承认《天津条约》有效,增开天津为商埠;“陪”──谐“赔”音,指对英、法两国赔款各增至 800 万两白银;“酒”──谐“九”音,指割让九龙司地方一区给英国。

四、1895年中日《马关条约》主要内容:(1)中国割让台湾及及所有附属岛屿、澎湖列岛和辽东半岛给日本;(2)赔偿日本军费白银二亿两; (3)开放沙市、 重庆、苏州、杭州为商埠,日本轮船可以沿内河驶入以上各口;(4)允许日本在中国通商口岸开设工厂,产品运销中国内地免收内地税。

方法1,挑选核心词依次缩记为“割地(辽、台、澎)、赔款(军费2亿两)、开口岸(沙、重、苏、杭)、设厂免税(口岸设厂,内销免税)” 。方法2,用字头法结合谐音法记为“哥哥开厂赔两亿两”,解释:“哥哥”──谐“割”音,指割地;“开”──开放四处通商口岸;“厂”──口岸设厂,内销免税;“赔两亿两”──赔款两亿两。

五、1901年清政府与英、美、俄、德、日、奥、法、意、西、荷、比十一国《辛丑条约》主要内容:(1)中国赔款白银四亿五千万两,分三十九年还清,本息折合九亿八千多万两。(2) 将北京东交民巷划为使馆界,界内由各国驻兵保护,中国人概不准居住。(3)拆毁北京至大沽的所有炮台,准许外国军队驻守北京至山海关铁路沿线要地。(4)惩办义和团运动中参加反帝斗争的官吏,永远禁止中国人民成立或参加反帝性质的组织,对反帝运动 * * 不力的官吏,立即革职,永不叙用。(5)改 * * 各国事物衙门为外务部,班列六部之前。(6)修订商约。清政府同意将各条约中通商行船的内容加以修订,以便利帝国主义扩大对中国的侵略。

方法1,挑选核心词依次缩记为“赔款 、划界 、拆炮兵、惩官民、改 * * 、修商约”。方法2,用字头法结合谐音法记为“修使馆赔炮兵,改 * * 惩官民”。解释:“修”──修订商约;“使馆”──将北京东交民巷划为使馆界,界内由各国驻兵保护,中国人概不准居住;“赔”──中国赔款白银四亿五千万两,分三十九年还清,本息折合九亿八千多万两;“炮兵”──拆毁北京至大沽的所有炮台,准许外国军队驻守北京至 山海关铁路沿线要地;“改 * * ”──改 * * 各国事物衙门为外务部,班列六部之前;“惩官民”──惩办义和团运动中参加反帝斗争的官吏,永远禁止中国人民成立或参加反帝性质的组织,对反帝运动 * * 不力的官吏,立即革职,永不叙用。

选择题
单项选择题

FOR the past two years in Silicon Valley, the centre of America’s technology industry, conference-goers have entertained themselves playing a guessing game: how many times will a speaker mention the phrase "long tail" It is usually a high number, thanks to the influence of the long tail theory, which was first developed by Chris Anderson, the editor of Wired magazine, in an article in 2004. Though technologists and bloggers chuckle at how every business presentation now has to have its long-tail section, most are envious of Mr Anderson, whose brainwave quickly became the most fashionable business idea around.

Whether a blockbuster film, a bestselling novel, or a chart-topping rap song, popular culture idolizes the hit. Companies devote themselves to creating them because the cost of distribution and the limits of shelf space in physical shops mean that profitability depends on a high volume of sales. But around the beginning of this century a group of internet companies realized that with endless shelves and a national or even international audience online they could offer a huge range of products—and make money at the same time.

The niche, the obscure and the specialist, Mr Anderson argues, will gain ground at the expense of the hit. As evidence, he points to a drop in the number of companies that traditionally calculate their revenue/sales ratio according to the 80/20 rule—where the top fifth of products contribute four-fifths of revenues. Ecast, a San Francisco digital jukebox company, found that 98% of its 10,000 albums sold at least one track every three months. Expressed in the language of statistics, the experiences of Ecast and other companies such as Amazon, an online bookseller, suggest that products down in the long tail of a statistical distribution, added together, can be highly profitable. The internet helps people find their way to relatively obscure material with recommendations and reviews by other people and (for those willing to have their artistic tastes predicted by a piece of software) computer programs which analyze past selections.

Long-tail enthusiasts argue that the whole of culture will benefit, not just commercial enterprises. Television, film and music are such bewitching media in their own right that many people are quite happy to watch and listen to what the mainstream provides. But if individuals have the opportunity to pick better, more ideally suited entertainment from a far wider selection, they will take it, according to the theory of the long tail. Some analysts reckon that entire populations might become happier and wiser once they have access to thousands of documentaries, independent films and sub-genres of every kind of music, instead of being subjected to what Mr Anderson calls the tyranny of lowest-common-denominator fare. That might be taking things a bit far. But the long tail is certainly one of the internet’s better gifts to humanity.

With which of the following would the long-tail advocates most probably agree()

A. People are more willing to catch what the mainstream provides

B. People have more opportunities to find entertainment through computer

C. People would be happy for having access to a wider selection

D. People in the cultural field benefit most from the long tail theory