问题 综合题

阅读下列材料:

材料一 从18世纪初开始,英国商人向中国输入鸦片,每年约有500箱鸦片流入英国,而运到中国的鸦片有两万箱,最后达到八万箱。年轻的格拉德斯就鸦片贸易曾发表过人道主义的言论,但这种言论被后来要求治理英国工业化进程中不断出现的罪恶的呼声淹没了。

材料二 根据西方人的报道,中国的开放只不过是一种中外联营……外国人得出一条在中国活动的基本规律:没有中国人的支持,什么事也干不成。从一开始,鸦片贸易就是中外联营的行动,中国人对鸦片的需求远胜于兰开夏的纺织品,由此出现了超乎外国人想象的鸦片销售网络。

材料三 鸦片贸易改变了中国对外贸易的长期优势,使白银大量外流。白银外流造成银贵钱贱,直接加重了劳动人民的负担。18世纪末,一两白银换铜钱一千文左右,到19世纪30年代后期,上涨到一千六七百文。按清政府规定,完粮纳税须用白银,因而劳动人民实际要多交60%的赋税。……鸦片泛滥严重威胁着清朝的统治。大量的白银外流,银价上涨,各地税收困难,拖欠的赋税也就日益增多,国库储备越来越少,清政府的财政陷入困境。

──以上三则材料均选自[美]费正清著,傅光明译《观察中国》

材料四 传统社会和现代社会是两种不同性质的社会,由传统社会向现代社会变迁的过程就是现代化的过程。就中国历史而言,1840年发生的鸦片战争可视为由传统社会向现代社会过渡的界标,因为自此以后传统受到了现实的严峻挑战,中国人对现代化的探索已开始,中国近代史上发生的现代化过程便可称之为近代化过程。

——乔志强、行龙《中国近代社会史研究中的几个问题》

请回答:

(1)材料一中“关于鸦片贸易的人道主义言论的出现”说明了什么?后来这种言论“被淹没”的真实原因又是什么?(4分)

(2)材料二认为鸦片贸易“是一种中外联营的行动。”对此,你如何理解?(3分)

(3)据材料三、四,从文明史角度阐述鸦片战争对中国社会的客观影响。(3分)

答案

(1)说明:鸦片贸易在给西方带来巨额利润的同时,也给中国人民带来严重的伤害,引起西方进步人士的同情。(2分)

真实原因:英国工业革命所引发的尖锐社会矛盾,淡化了人们对鸦片贸易罪恶行径的关注。(2分)

(2)清朝吏治腐败,不法官员和 * * 商从中牟利。(3分)

(3)鸦片战争冲击了中国传统文明,促进了中国向近代文明的演进。(3分)

题目分析:(1)“人道主义言论”的出现反映了进步人士的观点,但是在后来工业革命所引起的尖锐的社会问题面前,中国所受的灾难被淡忘。(2)鸦片走私不仅仅是英国的不法商人的行为,还是和本国的不法官员的包庇纵容狼狈为 * * 密不可分。(3)从文明演进的角度看,鸦片战争打开了中国的国门,冲击了中国的传统文明,有利于中国向近代社会迈进。

点评:本题以鸦片战争为切入点,考查学生对鸦片战争原因和影响的认识,在此基础上,要求学生能够辩证地认识东西方文明的冲突和交融。评讲时,结合教材对世界不同文明之间的相互影响进行适当的拓展和归纳,强化学生对文明史观的认识和理解。

阅读理解

The island of Great Britain being small (compare the size of Australia), the natural place for holiday relaxation and enjoyment is extensive coastline, above all its southern and eastern coasts, and the favorite resort of the mass-population of industrial Lancashire, is on the north-west coast. Distant and little-inhabited area like Northern Scotland, are too remote for the development of large seaside resorts.

For most children, going to the seaside suggests a week or fortnight of freedom on the beach, ideally a sandy one providing enough opportunities for the construction of sandcastle, fishing in pool, paddling in shallow water or swimming in deep water. Their parents spend sunny days swimming in the sea and sunbathing on the beach. Not that the British sun can be relied on and the depressing sight of families wandering round the town in old –fashioned and under umbrellas is only too common. However, there are always shops with their tourist souvenirs, plenty of cafes and if the worst comes to the worst, the cinema to offer a refuge.

The average family is unlikely to seek accommodation in a hotel as they can stay more cheaply in a boarding-house. There are usually three or four-storeyed Victorian buildings, whose owners spend the summer season letting rooms to a number of couples or families and providing three cooked meals a day at what they describe as a reasonable price, with the hope that in this way they will add enough to their savings to see the winter through. Otherwise there are the camping sites for those who prefer self-catering.

Nowadays, even when an increasing number of people fly off to Mediterranean resorts where a well-developed suntan (晒黑) can be assured, or explore in comfort Swiss lakes and mountains or romantic Italian or Spanish cities, the British seaside is still the main attraction for families, especially those with younger children. As they queue for boats trips, cups of tea or ice-cream under gray skies and in dizzling rain, the parents are reliving (重温) their own childhood when time seemed endless, their own sandcastles the most splendid on the beach, the sea always blue and friendly and the sun always hot.

小题1:Children enjoy the seaside because ________.

A.their parents can live and play with them

B.they can buy what they want there

C.there are a variety of enjoyable ways of spending time there

D.they can learn how to build sandcastles, how to swim, etc.小题2:The reason suggested for running a boarding-house is that ________.

A.people can live as where they live at home

B.people can cook what they are favorite

C.the owners provide three cooked meals a day at a reasonable price

D.the resulting additional income will ensure a living for several months小题3:Many parents once played on the British beach and ________.

A.still have their happy memories of it

B.don’t want to have a holiday there

C.don’t want to take their children to have a holiday there.

D.want to build their own sandcastles the most splendid on the beach again小题4:Nowadays more and more people fly off to Mediterranean resorts for ________.

A.an exploration of lakes in comfort

B.a well-developed suntan

C.a well-equipped boarding-house

D.a romantic party小题5:Which of the following is True according to the passage?

A.It is suggested that as a form of holiday entertainment the cinema is the best place to go in bad weather.

B.A reason suggested in the first paragraph for the appeal of the English seaside is that it is an ideal place for children.

C.Northern Scotland is little-inhabited and remote.

D.Few people in Britain go abroad for holiday relaxation and enjoyment.

实验题