问题 问答题 论述题

试比较英国、德国、新加坡的社会保障制度。

答案

参考答案:

英国的社会保障制度属于福利国家型的社会保障制度。其所包括的项目有40多种,主要涉及社会保险、社会救助、福利津贴、社会服务、医疗保健等方面。社会保险包括:养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险;津贴补助包括:儿童津贴、孀妇津贴、住房补贴、免费教育。战后半个世纪以来,福利国家制度一直是英国政府奉行的基本国策,它作为“社会安全阀”在英国政治、经济和社会稳定中起着极其重要的作用。但是,英国福利制度在给人们提供社会安全保障的同时,也面临着许多问题:首先,福利支出居高不下,政府财政负担过重;其次,来自人口老龄化的压力,使社会福利支出日益庞大;第三,失业率居高不下,一方面减少了政府的税收来源,一方面又增加了失业救济的负担;第四,办事机构臃肿,经济效率低下。

德国的社会保障制度属于社会保险型的社会保障制度。其主要内容有:社会保险(含养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险)、社会救济、社会福利、住房补贴等。德国社会保障制度以社会保险制度为核心内容,并辅以社会救济和社会福利为特征,实施这样的社会保险制度,对德国经济发展和社会稳定产生了积极的促进作用。但也存在一些问题:①社会保障的支出增长率超过国民生产总值的增长率,大大加重了联邦政府的财政困难,使政府利用财政手段来刺激经济发展的能力大大削弱。②社会保障费用持续上升,使劳动力成本提高,产品价格上涨,在国际市场的竞争力下降,并最终影响主要依赖国际市场的国民经济。③两德统一后,东西部居民在社会保障制度、资金来源、保障待遇水平及组织管理方式上均有很大的不同。

新加坡的社会保障制度属于个人储备积累型的社会保障制度。其以中央公积金制度为主要内容。中央公积金制度的具体内容:①保障对象:凡受雇雇员,其月收入在800新元以上者,一律参加公积金;雇主及个体经营者也一律参加;②缴费办法:雇主和雇员均按一定比例缴交公积金;③公积金安排:加入公积金的成员每人都有三个帐户:普通帐户、特别帐户和保健储蓄帐户,用途各不相同,不得串支。与许多发达国家明显不同的是,新加坡没有对失业问题的公积金的安排,政府对失业者的唯一帮助,是为失业者提供就业岗位,并投入大量资金用于员工技能和转岗培训,使失业者尽快重新就业。

新加坡的中央积金制度对新加坡经济发展和社会稳定起到了积极的作用。首先,它在国家财政没有沉重的福利包袱的前提下使人民有了养老、医疗、住房、子女教育等方面的切实保障;其次是在促进新加坡经济以每年平均10%的增长速度递增的同时,确保了社会保障累积基金的增值;第三有利于激发劳动者的生产臭味相投性,克服了人们对社会保障制度的过分依赖心理。

存在的问题主要有:第一,新加坡的中央积金制度在社会成员之间没有互济特征,与社会保障的本质特征即社会性和互济性不相吻合,因此,从严格的意义上说,它不能称得上是现代社会保障制度。第二,其提供的保障水平参差不一,差距悬殊,特别是年轻雇员和低薪雇员的生活保障水平较低。第三,过度的储蓄,降低了人们的当期消费,限制了国内有效社会需求的满足,同时,人们未来的基本生活保障变现将有相当的风险。第四,过高的缴费比率,降低了人民储蓄的可能性。

阅读理解

  People fell in love with Elizabeth Taylor in 1944, when she starred in National Velvet-the story of Velvet Brown, a young girl who wins first place in a famous horse race. At first, the producers of the movie told Taylor that she was too small to play the part of Velvet. However, they waited for her for a few months as she exercised and trained—and added three inches to her height in four months! Her acting in National Velvet is still considered the best by a child actress.

Elizabeth Taylor was born in London in 1932. Her parents, both Americans, had moved there for business reasons. When World war II started, the Taylor moved to Beverly Hills, California, and there Elizabeth started acting in movies. After her success as a child star, Taylor had no trouble moving into adult(成人)roles and won twice for Best Actress: Butterfield 8(1960) and Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? (1966)

Taylor’s fame(名声)and popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, so she was able to demand very high pay for her movies. In 1963, she received $1 million for her part in Cleopatra—the highest pay received by any star up to that time.

Elizabeth Taylor is a legend (传奇人物) of our time. Like Velvet Brown in National Velvet, she has been lucky, she has beauty, fame and wealth. But she is also a hard worker. Taylor seldom acts in movies any more. Instead, she puts her time and efforts into her businesses, and into helping others — several years ago, she founded an organization that has raised more than $40 million for research and education.

60. The producers didn’t let Taylor play the part of Velvet at first because they thought she      .

A. was small in size                            B. was too young

C. did not play well enough              D. did not show much interest

61. What Elizabeth Taylor and Velvet Brown had in common was that they were both     .

A. popular all their lives                B. famous actresses

C. successful when very young            D. rich and kind-hearted

62. Taylor became Best Actress at the age of     .

A. 12     B. 28         C. 31     D. 34

63. In her later life , Elizabeth Taylor devoted herself to       .

A. doing business and helping others           B. turning herself into a legend

C. collecting money for the poor                 D. going about research and education work

单项选择题