问题 问答题 简答题

简述西周王朝管理档案的制度。

答案

参考答案:

(1)登于天府:我国古代文书档案库至今有文献可考的以周代为最早。天府是西周王朝宗庙保存重要档案正本的处所。西周王朝重要档案的正本均须上呈天府,以祭告神灵,祈求庇佑赐福,也是周王处理政事、稽查官员、统治臣民的凭证和依据。

(2)制作副本:我国历史上档案副本制度是从西周开始建立的。这是为了便于日常政务利用和为更好地保存正本而制作的为稽查利用的档案副本,这类副本由各类文书主管部门和有关部门保存。可知,西周王朝归档制度是多套制的。副本的作用:①便于编史修志,查考利用;②正副本相互印证,避免伪造篡改;③补缺备失,以便保存;④提高行政效率。

(3)藏于金匮:西周统治者重视档案的保管,古代典籍中还有藏于金匮的记载,即把档案存放在用金属封缄的匣子中。我国史上有“石室金匮”保管传统始于西周。

单项选择题
单项选择题

Cooperation is the common endeavor of two or more people to perform a task or reach a jointly cherished goal. Like competition and conflict, there are different forms of cooperation, based on group organization and attitudes.
In the first form, known as primary cooperation, group and individual unite. The group contains nearly all of each individual’s life. The rewards of the group’s work are shared with each member. There is an interlocking identity of individual, group, and task performed. Means and goals become one, for cooperation itself is valued.
While primary cooperation is most often characteristic of preliterate societies, secondary cooperation is characteristic of many modern societies. In secondary cooperation, individuals devote only part of their lives to the group. Cooperation itself is not a value. Most members of the group feel loyalty, but the welfare of the group is not the first consideration. Members perform tasks so that they can separately enjoy the fruits of their cooperation in the form of salary, prestige, or power. Business offices and professional athletic teams are examples of secondary cooperation.
In the third type, called tertiary cooperation or accommodation, latent conflict underlies the shared work. The attitudes of the cooperating parties are purely opportunistic; the organization is loose and fragile. Accommodation involves common means to achieve antagonistic goals; it breaks down when the common means cease to aid each party in reaching its goals. This is not, strictly speaking, cooperation at all, and hence the somewhat contradictory term antagonistic cooperation is sometimes used for this relationship.

What is the author’s main purpose in Paragraph 1 of the passage

A.To explain how cooperation differs from competition and conflict.

B.To show the importance of group organization and attitudes.

C.To offer a brief definition of cooperation.

D.To urge readers to cooperate more often.