The computer, which was used to simplify difficult sums, began    小题1:   a calculating machine in France in 1642. Then it developed into an analytical machine. After       小题2: (program) by an operator      小题3:  used cards with holes, it could produce an answer quicker than any person. Later, Alan Turning wrote a book about how a computer could be made    小题4: work as a “universal machine”. From then on, the computer grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower. By the 1940s, it had grown as large as a room and this reality worried the designers.     小题5: , with its memory    小题6:    (improve), the computer was made smaller. First, the memory was stored in tubes, then on transistors and later on very small chips. As a result, the shape of the computer  小题7:    (total) changed from a large machine to a PC and then a laptop. Connected by 小题8:   network, the computer was able to share its knowledge    小题9:    others through the World Wide Web. Since the 1970s many new applications of the computer    小题10:       (find) in communication, finance, trade and many other areas. The computer has become a devoted friend and helper of the human race.