问题 阅读理解与欣赏

建筑审美

  建筑成为一个重要的审美对象,首先是因为它凝聚着人类物质生产的巨大劳动,是人类自觉地改造客观世界的结果。建筑虽然起源于防寒、祛暑、隐蔽、安全等实用的生活要求,但在建筑史上,人类为解决生活实用而付出的合作劳动却远远不如对非实用的方面付出的多。宫殿、庙宇、祭坛、陵墓、教堂、纪念碑、园林等,这些全部或基本上服务于精神生活的建筑,其成就远远超过了住宅、作坊、堡寨等服务于物质生活的建筑。建筑形式,建筑风格的演变,往往是一代社会物质生活和精神生活最敏感的见证。在西方,人们形象地称建筑是“石头写成的历史”。

  人们对建筑的美感,客观上来源于建筑的形式,舒畅、别扭、恐怖、惊讶、幽静、轻松、肃穆……这是视觉反应的直觉情绪;质朴、刚健、柔和、雍容、华贵、纤秀、端庄……这就进入了初步的审美判断。所有这些主观的感受,无不是建筑的序列组合、空间安排、比例尺度、造型式样、色彩质地、装饰花纹等等外在形式的反映。但是这些感受又不是抽象的,其中往往包含着某些特定的内容,因而使得建筑的美感有可能突破单纯的形式美的法则而深化发挥。像秩序井然的北京城,宏阔显赫的故宫,圣洁高傲的天坛,诗情画意的苏州园林,清幽别致的峨眉山寺,安宁幽静的四合院住宅,端庄高雅的希拉神庙,威慑压抑的哥特式教堂,豪华炫目的凡尔赛宫,冷峻刻板的摩天大楼……所有这些具体感觉形式,无不包含着深刻的历史因素以及整个时代的、民族的审美倾向,无不包含着悬念、感触、素养、格调等等主观因素。建筑的美感是朦胧的,但又可以是明确的;抽象的,但又可以是具体的;是无声的空间凝聚,但又可以是有声有色的时间的延伸。

  目前对建筑美学研究的对象和方法还没有形成完整的体系,甚至给建筑美学下一个定义也是困难的。但是,把建筑作为一项艺术门类,从它的艺术特征、它的艺术风格和它的形式美法则入手加以研究,无疑将有助于探索更为深入广阔的课题。例如,建筑美的组成因素,特别是它的心理构成因素,建筑创作的形象思维特征,自然美与环境美的美学内容,形式美的形成与发展等等。

1、在西方,人们形象地称建筑是“石头写成的历史”;其原因是[ ]

A、在建筑史上,人类为解决生活实用而付出的合作合作劳动远远不如对非实用的方面付出的多。

B、建筑形式、建筑风格的演变,往往是一代社会物质生活和精神生活最敏感的见证。

C、建筑服务于精神生活,也服务于物质的生活,两者都包含了历史审美因素。

D、建筑凝聚着人类物质生产的巨大劳动,是人们自觉改造客观世界的直接成果。

2、根据文章提供的信息,以下推断正确的一项是[ ]

A、建筑美的研究历史悠久,虽然目前还没有建立起独立的完整的体系,但在不久的将来一定能成为一门艺术性较强的新兴学科。

B、建筑美学研究应该作为一项艺术门类,它必定有助于课题空间的拓展、深入探索和建筑学的健康发展。

C、建筑美感终会明确具体,并成为有声有色的时间延伸,从流动到稳定,从单纯到复杂。

D、建筑美感源于形式,但随着时代的向前发展,所有美感必将突破单纯的形式美法则而得以升华。

3、下列文章的分析,不正确的一项是[ ]

A、全文按照提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的写作思路布局谋篇,叙议结合,有的放矢,充分阐述了当今建筑美学的课题缺陷。

B、文章的第一段从建筑美感的来源、具体内容、演变性等三个方面阐述了作者的观点。

C、第二段中划线的词语,在内容表达上起着非常重要的作用,它说明了人们对建筑的感受是具体的。

D、文章结尾提出了作者的主张,要从建筑艺术特征、艺术风格和形式美学法则入手来研究建筑美学。

答案

1、B

2、B

3、A

阅读理解

阅读理解。

     Last Friday, a Tibetan (藏族的) postman became the first woman postal worker to give a speech at

the World Postal Meeting in Bern, the capital of Switzerland. She was Nima Lamu, a postwoman of Yunling

Post office, Yunnan Province.

     She said, "I had to cross the Lancang River along a steel wire. My younger brother nearly died in the

river before. I felt so afraid when I was asked for the first time to cross the river. But when I reached the

other side, I found that I was flying."

     Her area is locked in (封闭) two snowy mountains and three big rivers. She said,":What worries me most

is the snakes on the way. Sometimes, I throw little stones toward them and I often tell my self 'Keep going'."

     Ten years ago, it took Nima five days to finish each week's mail. She had to face snowstorms, floods,

snakes and loneliness on her 350-kilometer journey. Nima said, "The situation has developed a lot these years.

Now we have a bridge that was built across the Lancang River in 2006."

     Nima never dreamed she would become famous one day when she first look up her job, 12 years ago.

Changes have been seen in recent years as more tourists visit Nima's hometown. But one thing remains

unchanged: she is still the carrier of the villagers' hopes and dreams.

1. Nima was invited to the meeting in Bern because she was _________.

A. the only Tibetan postman in China

B. the first postwoman in the world

C. doing a hard job as a postwoman

D. making her village famous overnight

2. What happened to her brother according to Nima Lamu?

A. he once fell into the river.

B. He was killed by a snake.

C. He died when swimming in the river.

D. He got hurt when building the bridge.

3. Which picture is TRUE about Nima's crossing the river ten years ago?

4. What will Nima do if she finds a snake on the way?

A. Kill it with stones.

B. Keep it off and go on.

C. Throw it away and leave.

D. turn around and run.

5. What is RTUE about Nima?

A. She is building a bridge across the Lancang River.

B. She has realized all the villagers' dreams.

C. She got her job as a post woman before 2000.

D. She doesn't need to do her work now.

单项选择题