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近10年长篇小说的创作

周南焱

  长篇小说创作始终是社会关注的热点。上世纪90年代以来,长篇小说出版数量持续增长,1998年至今,更保持了年产量逾千部的旺盛态势。

  武汉大学文学院副院长、著名学者於可训认为,近10年来长篇小说的“井喷”有多方面的原因:政府鼓励创作长篇小说、儿童文学和影视作品,刺激了出版社对长篇小说的生产。以前各种文体还会有调剂,从上世纪90年代中期后,长篇小说就处于优先生产的地位。同时,群众自发性写作也成为长篇创作的重要力量,比如知青一代、离退休群体利用丰富经历写回忆性作品,这类创作可能占到长篇总数的六成以上。出版渠道增多,出版、发行机制的转变,也促进长篇小说迅猛发展。

  相对于业余创作,一批在上世纪80年代就已成名的作家在近10年开始转型写长篇。像张承志、韩少功、王安忆等都是这样,把短篇集中起来,把已经表达过的经验、思想凝聚起来,创作出长篇小说。相较业余创作,这批作家代表了近10年长篇小说的艺术水准。

  中国人偏爱历史题材,但以往作家创作长篇拘泥于历史教条,近10年来,长篇小说在这方面呈现出新特点,像莫言、刘震云创作的一些长篇《檀香刑》、《故乡面与花朵》,也采用历史题材,但强调历史的日常化和偶然性。另外,出现一批怀旧式的作品,像《激情燃烧的岁月》、《血色浪漫》。跟纯粹的怀旧作品不同,他们不是原封不动地再现历史,而是重新理解、咀嚼我们追逐过的理想。

  还有一类作品尽管也写英雄人物,但更注重传奇性。过去爱把英雄行为放大,忌讳暴露英雄的弱点;现在则把英雄被遮藏的一面给展示出来,有意识地突出英雄身上符合人性的性格缺点。像《亮剑》这类小说,主人公满口粗话,动不动就骂人,却使人物形象看上去显得更真实、丰满。此外,一批有关帝王将相的长篇纷纷涌现,电视剧一度充斥这类作品。

  尽管每年这么多的长篇问世,但要挑出真正优秀的作品还真难。於可训说,出手太快、心态浮躁是作家们的普遍创作特征。很多青年作家刚出道就写长篇,没有经过中短篇小说的训练,原因是中短篇的销路不好。同时,作家创作的速度越来越快。在以前计划经济体制下,作家的日子过得很舒服,既拿工资又拿稿费,印出来的书全部包销。现在大部分作家主要靠稿费养活自己,写得太快,一年出一部长篇很普遍。

  於可训说,不少作家缺少思想底蕴,缺乏高雅修养,甚至以无知为荣。他们创作太随意,语言粗糙,连最基本的语感都不具备。只有少数像张承志、韩少功等作家坚持在从事严肃创作。於可训对当下热门的80后作家并不看好,觉得他们不好好修炼就不会有前途。(选自《北京日报》)2008年2月28日,有删改)

1.下列表述,不属于说明近10年来长篇小说的“井喷”的原因一项是[ ]

A.政府的积极鼓励的政策刺激了出版社对长篇小说的生产,也使长篇小说处于优先生产的地位。

B.业余作者已成为长篇创作的重要力量,其长篇小说产量可能占到长篇总数的百分之六十。

C.出版渠道的增多以及出版、发行机制的转变,也促进长篇小说迅猛发展。

D.长篇小说创作始终是社会关注的热点,1998年至今,保持了年产量逾千部的态势。

2.依据文意,下列对长篇小说创作的分析正确的一项是[ ]

A.十来年前,作家漠视历史题材,他们的长篇创作拘泥于历史教条。

B.十多年来,强调历史的日常化和偶然性的怀旧式的作品深受读者欢迎。

C.突出英雄身上符合人性的性格特点的作品,读来却更显真实、丰满。

D.一批有关帝王将相的长篇历史小说纷纷涌现,作品往往把英雄行为放大。

3.下列对原文的概括和分析,不正确的一项是 [ ]

A.近十年来的长篇小说缺少了真正优秀的作品,原因就是作家们出手太快、心态浮躁。

B.长篇创作需要深厚涵养和知识储备。但不少作家缺乏这些,创作太随意,语言粗糙。

C.青年作家刚出道就写长篇,是因为中短篇的销路不好,长篇创作的适销对路,会养活自己。

D.一个作家只有长期地积累,关心自己所处时代的命运,才会写出真正有分量的长篇。

答案

1.D

2.C

3.C

单项选择题

President Bush takes to the bully pulpit to deliver a stern lecture to America’s business elite. The Justice Dept. stuns the accounting profession by filing a criminal indictment of Arthur Andersen LLP for destroying documents related to its audits of Enron Corp. On Capitol Hill, some congressional panels push on with biased hearings on Enron’s collapse and, now, another busted New Economy star, telecom’s Global Crossing. Lawmakers sign on to new bills aimed at tightening oversight of everything from pensions and accounting to executive pay.

To any spectators, it would be easy to conclude that the winds of change are sweeping Corporate America, led by George W. Bush, who ran as "a reformer with result." But far from deconstructing the corporate world brick by brick into something cleaner, sparer, and per, Bush aides and many legislators are preparing modest legislative and administrative reforms. Instead of an overhaul, Bush’s team is counting on its enforcers, Justice and a newly empowered Securities & Exchange Commission, to make examples of the most egregious offenders. The idea is that business will quickly get the message and clean up its own act.

Why won’t the outraged rhetoric result in more changes For starters, the Bush Administration warns that any rush to legislate corporate behavior could produce a raft of flawed bills that raise costs without halting abuses. Business has striven to drive the point home with an intense lobbying blitz that has convinced many lawmakers that over-regulation could startle the stock market and perhaps endanger the nascent economic recovery.

All this sets the stage for Washington to get busy with predictably modest results. A surge of caution is sweeping would-be reformers on the Hill. "They know they don’t want to make a big mistake," says Jerry J. Jasinowski, president of the National Association of Manufacturers. That go-slow approach suits the White House. Aides say the President, while personally disgusted by Enron’s sellout of its pensioners, is reluctant to embrace new sanctions that frustrate even law-abiding corporations and create a litigation bonanza for trial lawyers. Instead, the White House will push for narrowly targeted action, most of it carried out by the SEC, the Treasury Dept. , and the Labor Dept. The right outcome, Treasury Secretary Paul H. O’Neill said on Mar. 15, "depends on the Congress not legislating things that are over the top."

To O’Neill and Bush, that means enforcing current laws before passing too many new ones. Nowhere is that stance clearer than in the Andersen indictment. So the Bush Administration left the decision to Justice Dept. prosecutors rather than White House political operatives or their reformist fellows at the SEC.

What the author wants to suggest may be best interpreted as()

A. "Crime doesn’t pay."

B. "Haste makes waste."

C. "Look before you leap."

D. "Like father, like son."

选择题