问题 阅读理解与欣赏

阅读下面的文字,完成下面问题。   

诗、乐、舞

   原始人类既唱歌就必跳舞,既跳舞就必唱歌。所以Botocu-do民族表示歌舞只有一个字。近代欧洲文Ballad(民歌)一字也兼含歌舞二义。抒情诗则沿用希腊文Lyric,原意是说弹Lyre琴时所唱的歌。依阮元说,《诗经》的“颂”原训“舞容”。颂诗是歌舞的混合,痕迹也很显然。晋周惕也说“风雅颂以音别”。汉魏乐府有“鼓吹”“横吹”“清商”等名,都是以乐调命名诗篇。  

  诗乐舞这三个成分中分立最早的大概是跳舞。《诗经》的诗大半都是有乐的,但有舞的除颂之外似不多。颂的舞已经过朝廷乐官的形式化不复是原始跳舞的面目。楚辞《九歌》之类为祭神曲,诗乐舞仍相连。汉人乐府,诗词仍与乐调相伴,“舞曲歌词”则独立自从一类。  

  就诗与乐的关系说,中国旧有“曲合乐日歌,徒歌日谣”的分别。“徒歌”完全在人声中见出音乐,“乐歌”则歌声与乐器相应。“徒歌”原是情感的自然流露,声音的曲折随情感的起伏与手舞足蹈诸姿势相似;“乐歌”则意识到节奏音阶的关系,而要把这种关系用乐器的声音表出,对于自然节奏须多少加以形式化。最原始的伴歌的乐器大概都像澳洲土人歌中指挥者所执的棍棒和妇女所敲的袋鼠皮,都极简单,用意只在点明节奏。《吕氏春秋·古乐》篇有“葛天氏之乐,三人掺牛尾投足以歌八阂”之说,与澳洲土人风俗相似。  

  诗乐舞原来是混合的,它们的共同命脉是节奏。后来三种艺术分化,诗歌尽量向文字意义方面发展,于是就成一门独立的艺术了。

1.对“风雅颂以音别”的中“音”的含义的理解,正确的一组是(  )

A.歌曲的乐调

B.文字的读音

C.文字的音韵

D.乐曲的旋律

2.下面可作“分立最早的大概是跳舞”的依据的一组是(  )

①《诗经》的风、雅 ②《诗经》的颂诗 ③楚辞《九歌》 ④汉人乐府

A.①②

B.③④

C.②③

D.①④

3.下列理解不符合原文意思的一项是(  )

A.抒情诗一词在欧洲,其原义是指一种有乐器伴奏的歌曲。

B.汉魏乐府的“鼓吹”“清商”等;既是乐曲名,也是诗篇名。

C.乐府诗还不像唐宋诗那样是一门独立于音乐舞蹈之外的语言艺术。

D.古代的“歌”与“谣”的区别在于前者有音乐而后者没音乐。

4.根据本文提供的信息,下列推断不正确的一项是(  )

A.《诗经》里的“颂”,是一种由舞曲发展起来的诗歌。

B.中国旧有徒歌与乐歌的区别,徒歌理应出现在乐歌之前。

C.现在乐队指挥用的小棒,也许带有原始的伴歌乐器的痕迹。

D.诗歌、音乐、跳舞在中国古代原来也是一种混合艺术。

答案

1.A

2.D

3.D

4.A

填空题
填空题

Some consumer researchers distinguish (1) "rational" motives and "emotional" (or "non-rational") motives. They use the term "rationality" (2) the traditional economic sense that assumes (3) consumers behave rationally when they carefully consider all alternatives (4) choose those that give them the greatest utility (i.e., satisfaction). (5) a marketing context, the term "rationality" implies that the consumer selects goods based (6) totally objective criteria, such (7) size, weight, price, and so on. "Emotional" motives imply the selection of goods (8) to personal or subjective criteria—the desire (9) individuality, pride, fear, affection or status.
The assumption underlying this distinction is (10) subjective or emotional criteria do not maximize utility or satisfaction. (11) , it is reasonable to assume that consumers always attempt to select alternatives that, (12) their view, serve to maximize satisfaction. Obviously, the assessment of satisfaction is a very personal process, based (13) the individual’s own needs as (14) as on past behavioral, social, and learning experiences. What may appear (15) irrational to an outside observer may be perfectly rational (16) the context of the consumer’s own psychological field. For example, a product purchased to enhance one’s self-image (such as a fragrance) is a perfectly rational form of consumer behavior. (17) behavior did not appear rational to the person who undertakes it (18) the time that it is undertaken, obviously he or she would not do it. (19) the distinction between rational and emotional motives does not appear to be warranted.
Some researchers go so far (20) to suggest that emphasis (21) "needs" obscures the rational, or conscious, nature of most consumer motivation. They claim that consumers act consciously (22) maximize their gains and minimize their losses; that they act not (23) subconscious drives but from rational preferences, (24) what they perceive to be (25) their own best interests.