问题 问答题

某修造船厂发生一起火灾事故。该厂修船船坞几天前有一艘外国船籍的油船(约9万t)入坞,更换侧罐的外板和中央罐的船底外板。
事故发生当天,准备更换其中的左弦3号侧罐(长约40m、宽约10m、高约20m)的外板。上午在罐内装配脚手架,然后由10个人开始对罐内施工部分进行清扫,把堆积在外板更换部分休息室上的残泥用锹、钩刮铲装在容器里,吊到船底。
下午在清扫的同时,又有6人开始外板打眼和切割,用气焊在外板上开大致等间隔的换气孔,同时进行休息室和外板接头的切割,气体(乙炔和氧气)是从甲板上的气体转换器通过软管输入的。作业时已预先在罐底灌上水,并且是在除完泥渣的地方进行的。
但是在开始打眼和切割约1h后,油罐内发生火灾,从事该项作业的6人和清除泥渣的1人向油罐外躲避,其中6人行动较慢,在升降梯等处被烧死或吸入过量一氧化碳而中毒死亡。
经调查分析,事故原因如下:
油罐上部气割或切割的火星引着下部休息室残留的泥渣,又引起其他处残留的泥渣燃烧。罐底的水量少,刮落的泥渣没有完全被水盖住,从而引燃船底泥渣,这也是使火灾扩大的原因。
该造船厂每天定时测定作业场所可燃气体浓度及氧气浓度,根据测定结果的规定在相关场所标明是否可以进行烟火作业,对该船3号侧罐内的作业,清扫组和焊接组之间预先也商议了计划。明火作业时,充分注意到了形成爆炸性混合气体的可能性,但对泥渣这一可燃性物质,对它的易燃程度、应除去的量、残存泥渣的分布状态和使用明火场所的相互位置关系等则没有从安全角度出发给予足够的考虑。油罐维修作业中,泥渣的存在不论在安全方面还是在劳动卫生方面,都是应充分考虑的事项。像这种气割火花引起泥渣着火,初期灭火失败导致火灾的事例时有发生。这类事故有时是发生在油罐内,因此不易躲避,换气也困难,往往造成重大人身事故,为了作业安全,必须事前进行慎重的研究。
这起事故存在的问题是:
(1)罐底部盛水不足。
(2)消防水管虽然拉进罐内,但负责使用的人着火时不在场,未能有效地利用。
(3)带进罐内的灭火器不够用。
为了防止同类事故的发生,须采取的措施:
(1)明确清除泥渣的判断标准和确立按该标准建立的现场检查体制。
(2)规定相应的烟火作业限制(包括禁止)。
(3)调整作业间的联系。
(4)推行以作业指挥人员为中心的安全作业。
(5)确保避难通路、避难口和按需要设置、装备报警器。
(6)配备数量合适的消防设备并掌握使用方法。
根据以上场景,回答下列问题:

进入设备内工作应做好哪些安全防护

答案

参考答案:设备内作业应做好的安全防护措施:
(1)设备内作业必须办理“设备内安全作业证”,并要严格履行审批手续。
(2)进入设备内作业前,必须将该设备与其他设备进行安全隔离(加盲板或拆除线,不允许采用其他方法代替),并清洗、置换干净。
(3)在进入设备前30min必须取样分析,严格控制可燃气体、有毒气体浓度及氧安全指标,分析合格后才允许进入设备内作业。如在设备内作业时间长,至少每小时各分析一次,如发现超标,应立即停止作业,迅速撤出人员。
(4)采取适当的通风措施,确保设备内空气流通良好。
(5)应有足够的照明,设备内照明电压应不大于36V,在潮湿容器、狭小容器内作业应小于等于12V,灯具及电动工具必须符合防潮、防爆等安全要求。
(6)进入有腐蚀、窒息、易燃易爆、有毒物料的设备内作业时,必须按规定佩戴合体防护用品、器具。
(7)在设备内动火,必须按规定办理动火证和履行规定的手续。
(8)设备内作业必须设专人监护,并与设备内作业人员保持有效的联系。
(9)在检修作业条件发生变化,并有可能危及作业人员安全时,必须立即撤出人员;若需继续作业,必须重新办理进入设备内作业审批手续。
(10)作业完工后,经检修人、监护人与使用部门负责人共同检查设备内部,确认设备内无人员和工具、杂物后,方可封闭设备孔。

填空题
阅读理解

阅读理解。

     In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition (学会) of each new skill-the

first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting

to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states

of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young

child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other

hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural

enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.

     Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in

money matters, others are sever over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the

controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's

own happiness.

     As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in

parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality (道德). Also,

parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practice what

they preach (说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough

to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked

difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

1. Eagerly watching the child's acquisition of new skills _____.

A. should be avoided

B. is universal among parents

C. sets up dangerous states of worry in the child

D. will make him lose interest in learning new things

2. When children are learning new skills, parents should _____.

A. achieve a balance between pushing them too hard and leaving them on their own

B. not expect too much of them

C. encourage them to read before they know the meaning of the words they read

D. create as many learning opportunities as possible

3. The second paragraph mainly tells us that _____.

A. parental restrictions vary, and are not always for the benefit of the children alone

B. parental controls reflect only the needs of the parents and the values of the community

C. parents should be strict with their children

D. it's parents'and society's duty to control the children

4. The word "precept" in Paragraph 3 probably means "_____".

A. idea

B. punishment

C. instruction

D. behaviour

5. In moral matters, parents should _____.

A. satisfy their children's needs

B. be aware of the marked difference between adults and children

C. forbid things which have no foundation in morality

D. observe (遵守,奉行) the rules themselves