问题 简答题

(32分)人类文明的演进是多种因素相互作用的结果。阅读材料,结合所学回答问题。

材料一 金初国家制度比较简单,在中央主要是勃极烈(女真部落酋长)辅政体制。金太祖还命宗室贵族完颜希尹仿契丹、汉字创制了女真文字。天会十三年(1135)金太宗死,熙宗完颜亶嗣位。熙宗汉化较深,即位后废除勃极烈会议,改行汉族模式官制,在中央建立起三省六部制度。金世宗完颜雍在位期间,革除海陵(完颜亮)暴政,整顿吏治,减轻赋役,尊崇儒学……女真人原从事粗放农耕,与汉族社会经济生活相近,入居中原既久,多习汉语,衣汉服、效仿汉族生活、享乐习惯。

——张帆《中国古代简史》

材料二  制宪议会在平等的原则下于1790年6月19日颁布法令取消贵族称号……议会还为建立新的自由经济而努力,如取消国内贸易壁垒,统一国内市场;1791年3月通过的《阿拉尔德法》废除了行会。各行各业的企业可以自由创立,经营自由,取消了专利和垄断,预示了自由竞争的资本主义时代的来临;全国统一度量衡,改革税制,取消消费税,规范直接税等。

——《十五世纪以来世界九强的历史演变》

材料三  官厅为治事之机关,职员乃人民之公仆,本非特殊之阶级,何取非分之名称。查前清官厅视官等之高下,有大人、老爷等名称,……光复以后,闻中央各地方官厅,漫不加察,仍沿旧称,殊为共和政体之玷污。嗣后各官厅人员名称,咸以官职、民间普通称呼,则曰先生、曰君……

——《中华民国临时大总统致内务部令》

(1)据材料一,金朝建立后,女真统治者陆续进行了哪些方面的改革?结合所学知识简要分析其历史意义。(10分)

(2)依材料二及图文资料,分析法国大革命爆发后,制宪会议为改造旧制度所采取的举措及历史作用。(8分)

(3)简要说明材料三所提及历史文献产生的背景、体现的思想观念、历史进步性。

(9分)

(4)从生产力发展的角度分析,上述历史阶段反映了人类文明演进的哪两种形态?

请简要概括推动文明演进的三种主要方式。(5分)

答案

(1)变革:政治方面,废除勃极烈会议,建立三省六部制,整顿吏治;(3分)经济方面减轻赋税;(2分)文化方面尊崇儒学,创造女真文字。(2分)意义:促进了北方经济的 恢复和发展,加快了民族融合的进程,加深了女真族的封建化。(3分)

(2)举措:颁布《 * * 宣言》,取消贵族特权,`取消国内贸易壁垒废除行会制度。(3分)作用:从根本上否定了封建等级制和君主专制制度,把启蒙思想的原则用法律形式固定下来,保障自由贸易、自由竞争,为资本主义制度的确立和资本主义经济的发展奠定了基础。(5分)

(3)背景:辛亥革命爆发,清朝统治被推翻,资产阶级共和国成立,孙中山被推举为中华民国临时大总统。(4分)观念:提倡平等,认为政府官员是人民公仆。(2分)进步性:推动社会风气改革,顺应民主共和的历史潮流,有利于资本主义发展。(3分)

(4)文明形态:从农业文明过渡到工业文明。(2分)演进方式:改革,革命与立法。(3分)

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     For 52 years my father got up every morning at 5?30 a. m., except Sunday, and went to work.I__1__
saw my father home from work ill.He had no hobbies, __2__taking care of his family.
     For 22 years, __3__I left home for college, my father__4__me every Sunday at 9?00 a. m..He was
always interested in my__5__, or how my family was doing, and I never once heard him__6__about his
lot (生活状况) in life.The calls even came when he and my mother were in other states.
     Nine years ago when I__7__my first house, my father,67 years old, spent three days__8__my house.
He would not__9__me to pay someone to have it done.All he __10__was a cup of tea, a paint brush
and to talk to him.But I was too__11__.I had a law practice to run, and I could not take__12__to hold
the brush, or talk to my father.__13__things happened several times later.
     The morning on Sunday.January 16,1996, my father telephoned me__14__, this time from my sister's
home in Florida.But the__15__came again at 4?40 p. m.that day.My father was in the__16__in Florida
with an aneurysm (动脉瘤). I got on an airplane__17__, and on the way, I__18__of all the times I had
not taken the time to talk to my father.I determined that when I arrived, I would__19__for the lost time,
and have a nice long talk with him.
     I arrived in Florida at 11?30 p. m., my father had__20__at 9?12 p. m..This time it was he who did
not have time to talk, or to wait for me.
( )1. A. ever      
( )2. A. other than  
( )3. A. because    
( )4. A. visited      
( )5. A. work        
( )6. A. worry      
( )7. A. built        
( )8. A. repairing    
( )9. A. teach        
( )10.A. asked    
( )11. A. smart  
( )12.A. practice  
( )13.A. Different  
( )14.A. as usual    
( )15.A. call  
( )16.A. church  
( )17.A. immediately
( )18.A. heard  
( )19.A. take up  
( )20.A. started out  
B. never          
B. rather than    
B. before          
B. praised        
B. life            
B. care            
B. found          
B. painting        
B. advise          
B. kept            
B. upset          
B. task            
B. Similar        
B. in pain        
B. moment          
B. school          
B. happily        
B. spoke          
B. make up        
B. given in        
C. always      
C. more than    
C. although      
C. telephoned    
C. study        
C. talk          
C. purchased    
C. cleaning      
C. force          
C. ordered  
C. busy  
C. tea  
C. Funny  
C. casually  
C. situation
C. home  
C. gradually  
C. thought  
C. turn up  
C. passed away  
D. often        
D. or rather    
D. since        
D. met          
D. plan        
D. look        
D. sold        
D. decorating  
D. allow        
D. served      
D. tired        
D. time        
D. Strange      
D. finally      
D. scene        
D. hospital    
D. carefully    
D. demanded    
D. put up      
D. come back    
单项选择题