问题 综合题

(15分)【中外历史人物评说】

材料 甘地认为,非暴力抵抗是印度争取摆脱英国殖民桎梏的惟一正确方法;同时,他认为非暴力抵抗并不意味着对外国统治和其他罪恶的屈服。他写道:“我深信假如只有在怯懦和暴力两者之间加以选择时,我将劝人选择暴力┅┅我宁愿要印度采用暴力来保护自己的荣誉,而不愿印度卑躬屈膝、含垢忍辱地听人家侮辱,失去自己的荣誉。可是我认为非暴力比暴力高明得多。”“因此我并不是因为印度衰弱才号召印度实行非暴力主义,而正是因为认识了印度的力量我才号召印度实行非暴力主义。”

——王春良《世界现代史诸问题》

(1)材料中甘地选择非暴力主义的理由是什么?(不得摘抄原文)实际原因又是什么?并请说明之。(7分)

(2)有人认为:“非暴力”抵抗运动实际上是号召群众逃避斗争,你是否同意这种观点?并说明你的理由。(8分)

答案

(1)非暴力比暴力高明得多,认为印度民族力量强大。(3分)

实际原因:印度国力衰弱,表现在印度经济落后、资本主义发展不充分,与英国相比经济军事实力悬殊;印度民族资产阶级的动摇性和妥协性;以往民族起义屡遭失败。(4分)

(2)不同意。(2分)“非暴力”抵抗方式是由印度经济落后和国力决定的;但它仍具有反对英国殖民统治的正义性质;是一种特殊的且最好的斗争形式,而不是逃避斗争;并在效果上沉重打击了英国的殖民统治和最终赢得了民族独立。(6分)

同意。(2分)“非暴力”抵抗运动束缚了群众斗争的主动性和积极性;限制了人民争取独立的斗争范围和方式;暴露出印度民族资产阶级的软弱性;客观上有利于维护英国殖民统治。印度人民最终发动了武装起义,突破了“非暴力”斗争方式的局限。(6分)

题目分析:

(1)材料一中甘地认为,非暴力抵抗是印度争取摆脱英国殖民桎梏的惟一正确方法;“非暴力比暴力高明得多”;“正是因为认识了印度的力量我才号召印度实行非暴力主义。”第二小问从政治、经济、军事等方面分析甘地选择非暴力主义的实际原因。

(2)该问属于观点评论型试题,考查学生运用所学知识分析评述问题的能力,也考查了学生史论结合、多角度分析问题的学科综合能力。解答时考生可以有不同的观点,但必须依据材料,调动和运用“非暴力不合作运动”的相关史实进行评述。注意观点与所述史实必须一致,且言之有理,史论结合,逻辑严谨,条理清晰。

单项选择题

Industrial pollution is not only a problem for the countries of Europe and North America but also an extremely serious problem in some developing countries. For these countries, economic growth is a very important aim. They want to introduce industries, and so they put few controls on the industries which cause pollution.
Cubatao, an industrial town of 85 000 people in Brazil, is an example of the connection between industrial development and pollution. In 1954, Cubatao had no industry. Today it has more than twenty large factories, which produce many pollutants. The people of the town are suffering from the poisonous matter in their environment and the bad effects can be clearly seen. Birth shortcomings are extremely common. Among children and adults, lung problems are sometimes twelve times more common in Cubatao than in other places.
It is true that Brazil, like many other countries, has laws against pollution, but these laws are not enforced strictly enough. It is cheaper for companies to take no notice of the laws and pay the fines than to buy the expensive equipment that will reduce the pollution. It is clear, therefore, that economic growth is more important to the government than to the health of the workers. However, the responsibility does not completely lie with the Brazilian government. The example of Cubatao shows that international companies are not acting in a responsible way either. A number of the factories in the town are owned by large companies from France, Italy, and the US. They are doing things in Brazil that they would not be able to do at home. If they caused the same amount of pollution at home, they would be severely punished or even put out of business.

How is the health of the population of Cubatao

A. There are more heart diseases among people who live near chemical factories.
B. More people suffer from lung diseases because of poisonous matter.
C. Their health is affected by pollutants the same way as that of other Brazilians.
D. Babies there are found not as bright as those who live in other places.

多项选择题