问题 综合题

17世纪以来,有关克伦威尔的著作,源源不断地大量涌现。卷帙浩繁的著作,不但内容广泛,而且思想差异很大,对克伦威尔的评价,更是褒贬臧否,应有尽有,可以说是千差万别。

材料一 许多评论家指责他(克伦威尔)是伪君子,指出他虽然总是在口头上赞成议会有至高无上的权力和反对独断专行的统治,但是在事实上却建立了一种军事独裁统治。

——迈克尔·H·哈特《历史上最有影响的100人》

材料二 “是古往今来,英国人中最伟大的人 ”“他是兼罗伯斯比尔与拿破仑于一身”

——恩格斯

材料三 如果说在危急的关头,克伦威尔的宝剑曾拯救了议会事业的话,那么毕竟他在历史面前是一个以独裁和军事统治者的面貌而出现的,他作为士兵和政治活动家的全部品质,却是和英国人民的天性永不协调的。                         

——丘吉尔《英国民族的历史》

材料四 在我们的时代,有许多人怀着巨大的敬意回忆起克伦威尔,他是一个虔诚的为了国家的自由而奋斗的战士。

——纳萨尔奇·克鲁奇《克伦威尔的历史》

材料五 国家本来可能在一个短时期达到人类所向往的幸福境界的,然而却由于他一个人的野心而使所有善良的人的希望破灭了。

——英国资产阶级革命时期进步的共和主义者赖德洛

材料六 克伦威尔处死国王及建立共和国完全是处于人民的压力下不得已才实行的,而其后来进行军事独裁统治才是其政治目的。

——纳萨尔尼·克鲁奇《克伦威尔的历史》

材料七 “没有真心实意地努力满足当时的社会需要, 而只图填个人欲壑,终于导致了封建王朝的复辟”。

——英国史研究会第二届学术讨论会侧记[J].世界历史.1982年06期

1.据材料一到四可以看出,当今国内外史学界对克伦威尔的评价在哪些方面已经达成了共识,在哪些方面还存在分歧?(4分)

2.你怎样看待材料五到七对克伦威尔的评价。(2分)作为后人,我们该如何评价前人的千秋功过?(2分)

3. 人类社会历史长河中任何一个人的活动总要受到历史发展规律的制约。你如何认识克伦威尔建立独裁统治与资产阶级民主之间的关系?(2分)

答案

(1)当今国内外史学界对克伦威尔在反封建方面的功劳已达成共识,在于他远征爱尔兰和建立军事独裁统治方面还存在分歧。(4分)

(2)从一个人的主观愿望出发对人物进行评价是错误的。历史评价应以对事物发展的客观实践为标准,主观动机是不能作为主要依据的。(这种观点明显是孤立地考察历史人物的主观动机而忽略了其行为的客观效果。)

要把历史人物的行动放到具体的历史条件下去分析评价。历史人物是时代的产物,他们的活动必然受到时代制约。在阶级社会中, 他们还要受到其所在阶级局限性的制约。以其所作所为是否推动社会进步来论其功过。(言之成理,即可给分)(2分)

(3) 认识:在特定的条件下,个人独裁和资产阶级民主制是相容的。(2分)

阅读理解

阅读理解

      Every country tends to accept its own way of life as being the normal one and to praise or criticize

others, as they are similar to or different from it.And unfortunately, our picture of the people and the way

of life of other countries is often a distorted (扭曲的) one.

      Here is a great argument in favor of foreign travel and learning foreign languages.It is only by traveling

in a country and getting to know its inhabitants and their language that one can find out what a country and

its people are really like.And how different the knowledge one gains this way frequently turns out to be

from the secondhand information gathered from other sources! How often we find that the foreigners

whom we thought to be such different people from ourselves are not very different at all!

       Differences between peoples do, of course, exist and, one hopes, will always continue to do so.The

world will be a dull place indeed when all the different nationalities behave exactly alike, and some people might say that we are rapidly approaching this state of affairs.With the much greater rapidity (快速) and

ease of travel, there might seem to be some truth in this at least as far as Europe is concerned.However

this may be, at least the greater ease of travel today has revealed (展示) to more people than ever before

that the Englishman or Frenchman or German is not:some different kind of animal from themselves.

1. Every country criticizes ways of life in other countries because they are________.

A. distorted  

B. normal

C. similar to each other  

D. different from its own

2. One who travels in a foreign country and learns its language will________.

A. find out why its people are different

B. argue in favor of this country and the language

C. know the country and its people better

D. like its inhabitants and their language

3. The knowledge one gains by traveling in a foreign country is often________.

A. from secondhand information

B. gathered from other sources rather than its inhabitants

C. gained from the arguments about the country

D. different from what one had before the travel

4.  In this passage, the author wants to say________.

A. differences between peoples will gradually disappear because of the ease of travel

B. differences between peoples do exist even though different nationalities behave exactly alike

C. differences between peoples will continue to exist and the world will be a dull place

D. differences between peoples will not exist as one hopes

填空题